Advanced Grammar
Comparatives [~보다]
~ 보다 is used to compare two persons or things. The person/thing that 보다 is referring to is the one
that comes after "~er than" in English. The "~보다" phrase can also come before a subject. So the
sentences below have the same meaning.
Note: 이/ 가 particles are more frequently used than 은/ 는 particles, and in the spoken Korean,
almost exclusively 이/ 가 are used.
• 나는 동생보다 키가 크다 = I am taller than (my) younger sibling.
• 내가 동생보다 키가 크다 = "I" am taller than (my) younger sibling.
• 동생보다 내가 키가 크다 = I am taller than (my) younger sibling.
• 동생보다 내가 키가 커 = I am taller than (my) younger sibling. [spoken form]
• 동생보다 제가 키가 커요 = I am taller than (my) younger sibling. [formal spoken form]
동생보다 = than younger sibling
동생 = younger sibling
키 = height
크다 = big
키가 크다 = tall
키가 작다 = short
나 = I
내 = 나 changes to 내 before 이/가
제 = the honorific form of 내 used in formal expressions
더 is usually added before an adjective. 더 = more
More examples
• 동물보다 사람이 더 똑똑하다 = Man is cleverer than an animal.
• 나일강이 아마존강보다 더 길다 = The Nile River is longer than the Amazon River.
• 철이 구리보다 강하다 = Iron is stronger than copper.
• 피는 물보다 진하다 = Blood is thicker than water.
• 진수가 진호보다 더 빨라요 = Jinsu is faster than Jinho.
• 저보다 형이 더 잘해요 = My older brother does it better than me.
• 빵보다 밥이 더 좋아요 = I like rice more than bread.
Superlatives [제일]
제일 is added before an adjective to make it a superlative.
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• 진수가 제일 빠르다 = Jinsu is the fastest
• 치타가 육지 동물중에서 제일 빠르다 = The cheetah is the fastest among the land animals.
• 에베레스트산은 세계에서 제일 높다 = Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
• 피자가 세계에서 제일 맛있는 음식이다 = Pizza is the most delicious food in the world.
• 제일 아름다운 것은 사랑이에요 = The most beautiful thing is love. [formal spoken
form] (Nouns - Present, Past)
세계 = world
맛있다 = delicious
맛있는 = delicious [descriptive form] Adjectives - Descriptive
아름다운 = beautiful [descriptive form]
것 = thing
Imperatives - 해, 하지마
Imperative Positive Negative
Informal 해
가
먹어
하지마
가지마
먹지마
Formal 해요
가요
먹어요
하지마요
가지마요
먹지마요
Honorific 하세요
가세요
드세요
하지마세요
가지마세요
드시지마세요
The informal form is used among very close friends or when talking to a younger person who is
very close to you in informal situations.
The formal form and the honorific form are used in formal situations. However, if I were to choose
which one to use, I would choose the honorific form because the formal form is a bit casual-ish. It is
safe to use the honorific form if you are unsure which one to use.
Note: The honorific form of verbs is present in Korean such as:
→ 먹다 드시다 = eat
→ 자다 주무시다 = sleep
→ 죽 돌아가시다 = die, pass away
먹어's honorific form is 드세요. It is usually used when talking to people above your age or in
formal situations.
Rules
Informal positive (Imperative) = Present positive (spoken Korean)
•해! = Do!
• 저리 가! = Go over there! (Leave me alone!)
• 이 과자 좀 먹어. = Eat some of these snacks.
• 물 좀 마셔. = Drink some water.
Informal negative = Take 다 off a plain form of verbs and attach 지마 to it.
•가지마! = Don't go!
• 이 영화는 보지마! = Don't watch this movie!
• 이거는 먹지마. = Don't eat this.
• 이 책은 읽지마. = Don't read this book.
Formal positive and negative = Attach 요 to informal forms
Honorific positive =
1. Take 다 off a plain form of verbs and then attach 세요 to verbs without a final consonant.
2. Attach 으세요 to verbs with a final consonant.
3. For verbs with a final consonant of ㄹ, drop it off and attach 세요 to it.
•가세요! = Please go!
• 이리 오세요. = Please come here.
• 빨리 떠나세요! = Please leave quickly!
• 어서 드세요. = Please eat already.
• 물고기 손으로 잡으세요. = Please catch the fish with your hands.
• 손 흔드세요! = Please wave your hands! ( 흔들다 = wave)
• 빙글빙글 도세요! = Please turn round and round! ( 돌다 = turn round, spin)
Honorific negative = Take 다 off a plain form of verbs and attach 지마세요.
• 장난 하지 마세요! = Please don't fool around!
• 저 곳에는 가지 마세요. = Please don't go to that place. (Keep away from that place.)
• 박물관에 있는 물건들은 만지지 마세요. = Please don't touch things in the museum.
Have to - 해야 한다
Informal form
Informal Have to Had to
Written 해야 한다
해야 된다
해야 했다
해야 됐다
Spoken 해야 해
해야 돼
해야 했어
해야 됐어
Informal Don't have to Didn't have to
Written 하지 않아도 된다 하지 않아도 됐다
Spoken 하지 않아도 돼
안해도 돼
하지 않아도 됐어
안해도 됐어
Note: The words in bold are the more commonly used alternative of the two in each box.
Rules
1. Attach 야 한다/ 야 된다/ 야 돼/ 야 됐어 etc. to the informal spoken form of verbs. Verbs -
Present, Past
• → 해 해야 한다 = have to do
• → 가 가야 한다 = have to go
• → 와 와야 한다 = have to come
• → 봐 봐야 한다 = have to see
• → 먹어 먹어야 한다 = have to eat
• → 마셔 마셔야 한다 = have to drink
2. Take 다 off a plain form of verbs and then attach 지 않아도 된다/ 지 않아도 됐다/ 지 않아도
돼 etc. to it.
• → 하다 하지 않아도 된다 = don't have to do
• → 가다 가지 않아도 된다 = don't have to go
• → 오다 오지 않아도 된다 = don't have to come
• → 보다 보지 않아도 된다 = don't have to see
• → 먹다 먹지 않아도 된다 = don't have to eat
• → 마시다 마시지 않아도 된다 = don't have to drink
3. Attach 안 and 도 돼/ 도 됐었어 to the front and back of the informal spoken form of verbs
respectively. Verbs - Present, Past
• 안해도 돼 = don't have to do
• 안가도 돼 = don't have to go
• 안와도 돼 = don't have to come
• 안봐도 돼 = don't have to see
• 안먹어도 돼 = don't have to eat
• 안마셔도 돼 = don't have to drink
Example sentences
Written Form
• 성민은 오늘 서울에 가야 한다. = Seong-min has to go to Seoul today.
• 민주는 내일 학교에 가지 않아도 된다. = Min-ju doesn't have to go to school tomorrow.
• 애쉴리는 병때문에 작년 매일 약을 먹어야 했다 = Because of her sickness, Ashley had to
take (lit. eat) medicine everyday last year.
Spoken Form
• 이번 주 목요일까지 과학 과제 끝내야 돼 = I have to finish the science assignment by this
Thursday.
• 애쉴리는 이제 나아서 병원에 안가도 돼 = Because Ashley has been healed now, she
doesn't have go to the hospital.
• 고추가 너무 매우면 안먹어도 돼 = If the chillies are too spicy, you don't have to eat them.
Formal form
Formal Have to Had to
Written 해야 합니다
해야 됩니다
해야 했습니다
해야 됐습니다
Spoken 해야 해요
해야 돼요
해야 했어요
해야 됐어요
Formal Don't have to Didn't have to
Written 하지 않아도 됩니다
안해도 됩니다
하지 않아도 됐습니다
안해도 됐습니다.
Spoken 하지 않아도 돼요
안해도 돼요
하지 않아도 됐어요
안해도 됐어요
Note: The rules for the conjugation are the same as above.
Example sentences
Written Form
• 성민은 오늘 서울에 가야 합니다. = Seong-min has to go to Seoul today.
• 민주는 내일 학교에 가지 않아도 됩니다. = Min-ju doesn't have to go to school tomorrow.
• 애쉴리는 병때문에 작년 매일 약을 먹어야 했습니다 = Because of her sickness, Ashley
had to take (lit. eat) medicine everyday last year.
Spoken Form
• 이번 주 목요일까지 과학 과제 끝내야 돼요 = I have to finish the science assignment by
this Thursday.
• 애쉴리는 이제 나아서 병원에 안가도 돼요 = Because Ashley has been healed now, she
doesn't have go to the hospital.
• 고추가 너무 매우면 안먹어도 돼요 = If the chillies are too spicy, you don't have to eat
them.
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