HOW TO WORK IN SOUTH KOREA EPS TOPIK EXAM

Korea Needs Us

Are you planning to work abroad?well South korea is in need of many factory workers now a days they provide free accomodations free meal and many benefits to their forein workers,they also provide equal treatment it means we are all equal with korean workers so no discrimination at all.the best thing is they offer high salary that will help us provide the needs of our family.
Step on how to work in south korea. 
1. Take the KLT EXAM passing score is 20 points. 
All you have to do is to passes the basic exam and your all set they dont require much requirements just to passed the exam...
For mor information visit : 
www.poea.gov.ph or www.hrdkorea.kr
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Korea Needs Us

Are you planning to work abroad?well South korea is in need of many factory workers now a days they provide free accomodations free meal and...

KOREAN ALPHABET FOR BEGGINERS

This will help you start in korean language.first you need to memorized the alphabet/hangeul and then try to read word in korean do not do it in romanized form.
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KOREAN ALPHABET FOR BEGGINERS

This will help you start in korean language.first you need to memorized the alphabet/hangeul and then try to read word in korean do not do i...

Spoken Korean

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Spoken Korean</div>
•    운동 하면서 매트릭스 봤어. = While doing exercise, I watched Matrix 
•     노래 들으면서 지리 공부 했어. = While listening to music, I studied geography. 
•(호머는)    자면서 코 골았어. = While sleeping, Homer snored. 
•(민지는)      스타벅스에서 잡지 읽으면서 커피 마셨어. = At Starbucks, while reading a 
magazine, Minji drank coffee. 
•(준호는)       차 타고 회사 가면서 라디오 들었어. = While going to work by car, Junho 
listened to radio. 
매트릭스 = Matrix (The movie) 
노래 = music, song 
지리 = geography 
호머 = Homer (a male name as in Simpsons) 
민지 = Minji (a female name) 
스타벅스 = Starbucks 
잡지 = magazine 
커피 = coffee 
회사 = work, company 
라디오 = radio 
준호 = Junho (a male name) 
Note: 
The spoken Korean usually omits a subject because it is usually understood by the speakers as to 
who they are talking about. For example, if I were talking about myself, I wouldn't need to use 나는 
to say something about me because it is assumed that I am talking about me. 
Likewise, the third person subjects like    호머는 and    민지는 can also be omitted when a person being 
talked about is already known by people having a conversation. 
The object particle, 를/을, is omitted in spoken Korean. 
 
5W1H 
5W1H - When, Where, Who, What, How and Why 
Note: Please refer to Verbs - Present/Past for the spoken form of verbs. 
When, where, who, what, how and why are very useful words to make a question and they are 
convenient to use in conversations with friends. Here are some simple sentences. You may hear 
these this pattern of the speech a lot from Korean dramas, animations, and people. 
To show you how they are used, I've made simple sentences using the verb,"go". 
•When:    언제 가? = When do you go? (Lit. when go?) 
•Where:    어디 가? = Where do you go? 
•Who:    누가 가? = Who is going? 
•What:    뭐가 가? = What is going? 
•How:    어떻게 가? = How do you go? 
•Why:    왜 가? = Why do you go? 
Note: The subject is usually omitted. 
Eg. 
•Sam: I will go to school. 
•Jenny:    언제 가? [Here, it would mean 'When will you go?'] 
•Sam: Peter told me that we are going to a museum! 
•Jenny:    언제 가? [When are we going?] 
•   언제 와? = When do you come? 
•   왜 쳐? = Why do you hit me? 
•   왜 울어? = Why do you cry? 
•   뭐 줘? = What do I give to you? or What do you give to me? [Depends on the context] 
Honorific Form 
While the spoken form above is used between close friends or when older people are talking to 
younger people in informal situations. The honorific form is used commonly between adults, by 
people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people. 
● Just add    요 at the end of a sentence. 
•When:    언제 가요? = When do you go? (Lit. when go?) 
•Where:    어디 가요? = Where do you go? 
•Who:    누가 가요? = Who is going? 
•What:    뭐가 가요? = What is going? 
•How:    어떻게 가요? = How do you go? 
•Why:    왜 가요? = Why do you go? 
 
•   언제 와요? = When do you come? 
•   왜 쳐요? = Why do you hit me? 
•   왜 울어요? = Why do you cry? 
•   뭐 줘요? = What do I give to you? or What do you give to me? [Depends on the context]

Spoken Korean

Spoken Korean • 운동 하면서 매트릭스 봤어. = While doing exercise, I watched Matrix • 노래 들으면서 지리 공부 했어. = While listening to music, I stu...

Conjunctions

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Conjunctions</div>
Conjunctions – And 
그리고 [and] 
그리고 can only be used between sentences. 
Yesterday = 어제 
Book = 책 
Banana = 바나나 
read = 읽다 
read[past] = 읽었다 
sleep =    자다 slept = 잤다 
Eg. 
•   어제 책을 읽었다.    그리고 잤다. [Yesterday, read book. And slept.] 
•   바나나는 맛있다.    그리고 달다. [Banana is delicious. And sweet.] 
The two sentences are linked by    그리고 but they are still separate. To link two or more sentences 
into one sentence, please refer to Verbs - Connective. 
와/   과 ['and' for nouns] 
와/   과 is used for nouns. Use    와 after nouns without a final consonant, and    과 for nouns with a final 
consonant. 과/   와 is only used to join nouns. 
Eg. 
•   바다와 산 = Sea and Mountain 
•   너와 나 = You and I 
•   밥과 빵 = rice and bread 
•    책과 연필과 종이 = book, pencil and paper 
 
Conjunctions - But, Although 
그러나 [But] 
그러나 can only be used between sentences. 
Book = 책 
Banana = 바나나 
read = 읽다 
want to read =    읽고 싶다 
wanted to read =    읽고 싶었다 (Verbs - Want) 
sleep =    자다 slept = 잤다 
like =    좋다 (plain) 
like =    좋아한다 (present) (Verbs - Present/Past) 
Eg. 
•   책을 읽고 싶었다.    그러나 잤다. [I wanted to read a book. But I slept.] 
•   바나나는 맛있다.     그러나 나는 좋아하지 않는다. [Banana is delicious. But I don't like it] 
The two sentences are linked by    그러나 but they are still separate. 
~데/~   지만 [But, Although] 
To link two or more sentences into one sentence, ~   데 or ~   지만 are used. 
● For verbs, add    데 to Verbs - Descriptive I 
● For adjectives, add    데 to Adjectives - Descriptive 
Eg. 
• →   쓰는 쓰는데 = write but / although I write 
•   글씨는 쓰는데,     읽을 수 없다 = I write words but I cannot read / Although I write, I cannot 
read 
•사는 →   사는데 = live but / although it lives 
•   물에서는 사는데,     땅에서는 못 산다 = It lives in the water but it cannot live on the ground / 
Although it lives in the water, it cannot live on the ground 
•어려운 →   어려운데 = difficult but / although it's difficult 
•     외국어는 배우기 어려운데 재미있다 = A foreign language is difficult to learn but it's 
interesting / Although a foreign language is difficult to learn, it's interesting. 
● For verbs and adjectives, add    지만 to a plain form without 다. 
Eg. 
• →   쓰다 쓰지만 = write but / although I write 
•   글씨는 쓰지만,     읽을 수 없다 = I write words but I cannot read 
• →   살다 살지만 = live but / although it lives 
123 
•   물에서는 살지만,     땅에서는 못 산다 = It lives in the water but it cannot live on the ground 
• →   어렵다 어렵지만 = difficult but / although it's difficult 
•     외국어는 배우기 어렵지만 재미있다 = A foreign language is difficult to learn but it's 
interesting. 
 
Conjunctions - But [는데/데] 
는데/   데 is frequently used in casual spoken Korean. 는데/   데 means "but" 
For example, 
•   그리스어는 할 줄 아는데      이태리어는 할 줄 몰라 = I know how to do(speak/write/read) 
Greek but I don't know how to do(speak/write/read) Italian. 
•밥은 먹는데,    반찬은 안 먹어. = I eat    밥 (cooked rice) but I don't eat side dishes. 
•방은 넓은데,    화장실은 좁아 = The room is spacious but the bathroom is cramped(small). 
Rules 
1. Take    다 off a plain form of verbs and attach    는데 to it. 
• →   하다 하는데 = do but 
• →   가다 가는데 = go but 
• →   오다 오는데 = come but 
• →   먹다 먹는데 = eat but 
• →   마시다 마시는데 = drink but 
• →   사다 사는데 = buy but 
• →   팔다 파는데 = sell but 
• →   걷다 걷는데 = walk but 
Note: Take a final consonant, ㄹ, off a plain form of verbs and then attach 는데. 
•알다 →   아는데 (know) 
• →   팔다 파는데 (sell) 
2. Add    데 to Adjectives - Descriptive form of adjectives. 
• →   크다 큰데 = big / large but 
• →   작다 작은데 = small but 
• →   가깝 가까운데 = close but (in distance) 
• →   멀 먼데 = far but (in distance) 
• →   많다 많은데 = a lot / many but 
• →   적다 적은데 = few / little but 
• →   뜨겁다 뜨거운데 = hot but (temperature) 
• →   차갑 차가운데 = cold but (temperature) 
Example sentences (spoken form) 
•   오늘은 학교 가는데,    내일은 학교 안가요. = I go to school today but I don't go to school 
tomorrow. 
•   영화를 보러 갔는데,      보고 싶은 영화가 없었어 = I went to see a movie but there was no 
movie that I wanted to watch. 
•   예전에는 키가 작았는데,    지금은 키 커. = (I/He/She) was small (height) before but 
(I/He/She) am/is tall now. 
 
•     이 음식 보기에는 맛있어 보이는데,    먹어보니까 맛이 없어. = This meal looks delicious 
but it's not delicious (at all) after I've tried it. 
126 
Conjunctions - Because, So 
Conjunctions - Because and So [~서] 
~   서 has many usages and "because and so" is one of them. 
Rules 
● Add    서 to a spoken form of the present tense of verbs or adjectives. (Adjectives - 
Present/Past, Verbs – Present/Past) 
• →   해 해서 = Because (I) do /  (I) do and so 
• →   가서 가서 = Because (you) go / (you) go and so 
• →   떠나 떠나서 = Because (you) leave / (you) leave and so 
• →   좋아 좋아서 = Because (I) like / (I) like and so 
• →   먹어 먹어서 = Because (you) eat / (you) eat and so 
• →   잡아 잡아서 = Because (I) catch / (I) catch and so 
• →   빨라 빨라서 = Because (he's) fast / (he's) fast and so 
• →   높아 높아서 = Because (it's) high / (it's) high and so 
• →   작아 작아서 = Because (she's) small / (she's) small and so 
• →   커 커서 = Because (it's) big / (it's) big and so 
Example Sentences 
•    농구를 해서 키가 크다 
•= Because I play basketball, I'm tall. 
•= I play basketball and so I'm tall. 
•     한국에 가서 지금 미국에 없다 
•= Because he's gone to Korea, now he's not in America. 
•= He's gone to Korea and so he's not in America. 
•   나무는 커서 좋다 
•= Because a tree is big, I like it. 
•= A tree is big and so I like it. 
•    과학이 좋아서 대학에 갔다 
•= Because I like science, I went to college. 
•= I like science and so I went to college. 
•     빌딩이 높아서 엘리베이터를 사용해야 한다 
•= Because the building is high, we have to use an elevator. 
•= The building is high and so we have to use an elevator. 
 
농구 = basketball 
한국 = Korea 
미국 = America 
나무 = tree 
과학 = science 
대학 = college/university 
빌딩 = building 
엘리베이터 = elevator 
Conjunctions - So [그래서] 
A sentence containing ~   서 can be divided into two separate sentences and    그래서 is used to link 
them. 
Example sentences 
•   농구를 한다.    그래서 키가 크다. = I play basketball. So I'm tall. 
•   한국에 갔다.     그래서 지금 미국에 없다. = He's gone to Korea. So he's not in America. 
•   나무는 크다.    그래서 좋다. = A tree is big. So I like it. 
•   과학이 좋다.    그래서 대학에 갔다. = I like science. So I went to college. 
•   빌딩이 높다.     그래서 엘리베이터를 사용해야 한다. = The building is high. So we have to 
use an elevator. 
 
Conjunctions - Because [때문에] 
Conjunctions - Because [때문에; 왜냐하면, 때문이다] 
때문에 is more frequently used in written Korean and ~   서 is favoured in spoken Korean because of 
its brevity. 
Rules 
Take    다 off a plain form and past tenses of verbs and adjectives and then attach    기 때문에. 
(But NOT a present tense of verbs ie.  →   한다 한기 때문에 is wrong!  →    하다 하기 때문에 is 
right!) 
• →    하다 하기 때문에 = Because I do 
• →    가다 가기 때문에 = Because I go 
• →    사다 사기 때문에 = Because I buy 
• →    보다 보기 때문에 = Because I see 
• →    먹기 먹기 때문에 = Because I eat 
• →    좋아하다 좋아하기 때문에 = Because I like 
• →    했다 했기 때문에 = Because I did 
• →    갔다 갔기 때문에 = Because I went 
• →    먹었다 먹었기 때문에 = Because I ate 
• →    크다 크기 때문에 = Because it's big 
• →    작다 작기 때문에 = Because it's small 
• →    덥다 덥기 때문에 = Because it's hot 
• →    춥다 춥기 때문에 = Because it's cold 
• →    많다 많기 때문에 = Because there is a lot 
• →    길다 길기 때문에 = Because it's long 
• →    맛있다 맛있기 때문에 = Because it's delicious 
• →    높았다 높았기 때문에 = Because it was high 
• →    예뻤 예뻤기 때문에 = Because it was pretty 
• →    빨랐 빨랐기 때문에 = Because it was fast 
• →    강했다 강했기 때문에 = Because it was strong 
Example sentences 
- Compare and contrast    때문에 and ~서. 
•     중국음식을 좋아하기 때문에 중국음식을 먹었다. = Because I like Chinese food, I ate 
Chinese food. (Written Korean) 
•     중국음식 좋아하기 때문에 중국음식 먹었어요. = Because I like Chinese food, I ate 
Chinese food. (Spoken Korean) 
•     중국음식 좋아해서 중국음식 먹었어요 = Because I like Chinese food, I ate Chinese 
food. (Spoken Korean) Conjunctions - Because, So 
 
•       아침 일찍 학교를 가기 때문에 일찍 일어났다. = Because I go to school early in the 
morning, I got up early. 
•       아침 일찍 학교 가서 일찍 일어났어요 = Because I go to school early in the morning, I got 
up early. 
•       겨울에는 춥기 때문에 사람들은 따뜻한 옷을 입는다. = Because the winter is cold, people 
wear warm clothes. 
•       겨울엔 추워서 사람들은 따뜻한 옷을 입어요 = Because the winter is cold, people wear 
warm clothes. 
•         인터넷에는 잘못된 정보가 많기 때문에 무엇을 읽는지 조심해야 한다. = Because on the 
internet, there is a lot of false information, we should be careful about what we read. 
•        인터넷엔 잘못된 정보가 많아서 뭘 읽는지 조심해야 되요. = Because on the internet, 
there is a lot of false information, we should be careful about what we read 
Note: The object particle, 를/을, is omitted and some words are abbreviated in the spoken form. For 
example, 
• → 에는 엔 
• →  →  무엇을 무얼 뭘 
Although it is less commonly used, a sentence containing two clauses can be divided into two 
sentences using    왜냐하면 and 때문이다.    왜냐하면 is attached to the front of a second clause and 때 
문이다 replaces 때문에. 
•   중국음식을 먹었다.     왜냐하면 중국음식을 좋아하기 때문이다. = I ate Chinese food 
because I like Chinese food. 
•   중국음식 먹었어요. (왜냐면)    중국음식 좋아해서요. = I ate Chinese food because I like 
Chinese food. 
•   일찍 일어났다.       왜냐하면 아침 일찍 학교를 가기 때문이다. = I got up early because I go 
to school early in the morning. 
•   일찍 일어났어요. (왜냐면)     아침 일찍 학교 가서요. = I got up early because I go to school 
early in the morning. 
Note: 
왜냐하면 is abbreviated to    왜냐면 or it is altogether omitted in spoken Korean. 
때문에 is mainly used in literature and the news reporters use it often. However, people still use 때 
문에 occasionally in conversations instead of ~서, especially when one wants to explain and reason. 
 
Conjunctions - If/Once [~면/으면] 
~면/   으면 is used after a verb and the clause containing ~   면 must always come first and its meaning 
is "if/once I do such and such." 
Rules 
1. Take    다 off a plain verb and add    면 to it. 
• →   하다 하면 = If/Once (I) do 
• →   가다 가면 = If/Once (you) go 
• →   던지다 던지면 = If/Once (you) throw 
2. Take    다 off a verb with a final consonant and add    으면 to it. 
• →   좋다 좋으면 = If/Once (I) like 
• →   먹다 먹으면 = If/Once (you) eat 
• →   잡다 잡으면 = If/Once (I) catch 
Eg. 
•       학교에 가면 공부 할 수 있다 = If/Once I go to school, I can study. 
•       의대에 가면 의사가 될 수 있다 = If/Once you go to med school, you can become a doctor. 
•     책을 가져오면 읽어 줄께 = If/Once you bring (me) a book, I will read (it) to you. 
학교 = school 
할 수 있다 = can do 
의대 = med school 
의사 = doctor 
될 수 있다 = can become 
책 = book 
가져오다 = bring 
읽다 = read 
 
Conjunctions - If/Once [~거든] 
거든 is a a conjunction meaning 'if / once.' 
거든 and    면 both mean 'if / once' but    면 is used more often in spoken Korean. 
거든 is used in the middle of sentence, for example, 
•   진수가 오거든,     이 책을 줘 = If/once Jinsu comes here, please give this book (to him) 
But if    거든 is used at the end of a sentence, it means 'because.' 
• Please read, Because I'm - ~   거든   , to learn how    거든 is used in this sense. 
Take    다 off verbs / adjectives and add 거든. 
• →   하다 하거든 = If you do 
• 가다 →    가거든 = If you go 
•   오거든 = If you come 
•   많거든 = If (there are) many 
•   있거든 = If there is/are 
•   없거든 = If there is/are not 
Example sentences 
•      마트에 사과가 있거든 사와 주세요 = If there are apples in the supermarket, please buy and 
bring (them). 
•      경기가 시작하거든 저한테 알려 주세요 = If/once the game starts, please let me know. 
•    집에 도착 하거든 연락해! = Once you arrive home, please call/contact me! 
•       정원에 꽃들이 많이 자라거든 저 불러 주세요.    보고 싶거든요. = Once the flowers in the 
garden grow a lot, please call me. (Because) I want to see (them). 
Please note    거든요 used at the end of sentence mean "because." Please refer to Because I'm - ~   거든 
요. 
 
Conjunctions – When 
Conjunctions - When [~   을 때] 
● Rules 
First, take    다 off a plain form of verbs(Verbs - Present/Past) then: 
1. Add ~   을 때 to verbs with a final consonant 
• →    먹다 먹을 때 = when I eat 
• →    앉다 앉을 때 = when I sit 
• →    믿다 믿을 때 = when I believe 
• →    죽다 죽을 때 = when I die 
2. Add ~   ㄹ 때 to verbs without a final consonant. 
• →    가다 갈 때 = when I go 
• →    오다 올 때 = when I come 
• →    자다 잘 때 = when I sleep 
• →    사다 살 때 = when I buy 
3. Add ~   때 to verbs with    ㄹ as a final consonant 
• →    팔다 팔 때 = when I sell 
• →    살다 살 때 = when I live 
• →    놀다 놀 때 = when I play (muck around) 
Eg. 
•     저녁 먹을 때 비가 왔다. = When we were eating dinner, the rain came. 
•    의자에 앉을 때 조심하세요. = When you sit on the chair, be careful. 
•      병사는 죽을 때 한 마디를 남겼다. = When the soldier was dying, he left a message. 
•     학교 갈 때 차로 간다. = When I go to school, I go by car. 
•      집에 올 때 친 집 에 들린다. = When I come home, I visit my friend's house. 
•     우리는 잘 때 꿈을 꾼다. = When we sleep, we dream. 
•       사람들은 먹을 것을 살 때 슈퍼마켓으로 간다= When people buy food, they go to a 
supermarket. 
● Take    다 off and add ~   을 때 to the past tense of verbs 
• →    먹었다 먹었을 때 = when I ate 
• →    앉았다 앉았을 때 = when I sat 
• →    믿었다 믿었을 때 = when I believed 
• →    죽었다 죽었을 때 = when I died 
133 
• →    팔았다 팔았을 때 = when I sold 
• →    살았다 살았을 때 = when I lived 
• →    놀았다 놀았을 때 = when I played (mucked around) 
Eg. 
•     시카고에 살았을 때 영어를 배웠다. = When I lived in Chicago, I learned English. 
•   밖에서 놀았을 때,    날씨가 좋았다 = When we played outside, the weather was good. 
Note: 
•저녁    먹을 때 비가 왔다. = When we were eating dinner, the rain came. 
•저녁    먹었을 때    비가 왔다. = When we were eating dinner, the rain came. 
Both    먹을 때 or    먹었을 때 can be used and they mean the same thing. This is because the final 
verb, 왔다, determines the tense of a sentence. The former is a more casual form than the latter. 
 
Conjunctions – While 
Conjunctions - While [~며/~(으)면서] 
~   며 form is more frequently used in written Korean while ~   면서 is more frequently used in spoken 
Korean. 
Rules 
1. Take    다 off a plain form of verbs with no final consonant and add 며/   면서 to it. 
• →  하다 하며/   하면서 = while doing 
• →  가다 가며/   가면서 = while going 
• →  주다 주며/   주면서 = while giving 
• →  사다 사며/   사면서 = while buying 
• →  보다 보며/   보면서 = while watching 
• →  말하다 말하며/   말하면서 = while speaking 
• →  마시다 마시며/   마시면서 = while drinking 
• →  자다 자며/   자면서 = while sleeping 
2. Take    다 off a plain form of verbs with a final consonant and add 으며/   으면서 to it. 
• →  먹다 먹으며/   먹으면서 = while eating 
• →  받다 받으며/   받으면서 = while receiving 
• →  찾다 찾으며/   찾으면서 = while looking for 
• →  읽다 읽으며/   읽으면서 = while reading 
Exceptions 
• →  걷 걸으며/   걸으면서 = while walking 
• →  듣 들으며/   들으면서 = while listening 
Example sentences 
Written Korean 
•   나는 운동을 하며/   하면서 매트릭스를 봤다. = While doing exercise, I watched Matrix. 
•   나는 노래를 들으며/    들으면서 지리 공부를 했다. = While listening to music, I studied 
geography. 
•   호머는 자며/   자면서 코를 골았다. = While sleeping, Homer snored. 
•    민지는 스타벅스에서 잡지를 읽으며/   읽으면서 커피를 마셨다. = At Starbucks, while 
reading a magazine, Minji drank coffee. 
•     준호는 차를 타고 회사를 가며/   가면서 라디오를 들었다. = While going to work by car, 
Junho listened to radio.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions Conjunctions – And 그리고 [and] 그리고 can only be used between sentences. Yesterday = 어제 Book = 책 Banana = 바나나 read = 읽다...

Possessive - 의

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Possessive - 의</div>
Rule 
● Add    의 to a noun. (Note: mainly used in a written form) 
Eg. 
•   나 +  →   의 나의 = my 
•   너 +  →   의 너의 = your 
•   그 +  →   의 그의 = his 
•   그녀 +  →   의 그녀의 = her 
However, in most spoken Korean, they are simplified for easier pronunciation. 
Eg. 
• →  나의 내 
• →   너의 네 (pronounced 니) 
•그의/ →  그녀의 쟤,   걔 (not commonly used) 
•누가(who) →    누구 (whose) 
For all possessives, only    내 and 네(니) are commonly used in spoken Korean. In most cases    의 is 
omitted. 
Eg. 
•My car =    내 차 
•Your shoes =    네 신발 (pronounced    니 신발) 
•Michael's car =    마이클의 자동차 (written form) or    마이클 차 (spoken form) 
Notice that    의 has been omitted, and    자동차 has been simplified to 차. 
•   누구 차야? (Whose car is it?) 
•   마이클 (차) (You can either answer by saying    마이클 or    마이클 차) 
In spoken Korean, 'he/she' or 'his/her' are rarely (almost never) used. Instead, his/her name is 
addressed as a subject in a first sentence, and then omitted for sentences following. This is the same 
for possessive forms. Instead of 'his/her', 'Michael's/Lisa's' are used. 
Eg. 
•Lisa's friend1:     리사 가방 진짜 예뻐. (Lisa's handbag is really pretty) 
•Lisa's friend2: 진짜?     나도 그거 사고 싶다. (Really? I, too, want to buy that) 
Another thing to note is that    네 is attached to a personal name if a noun being possessed is a 
group/organisation. (Spoken Form) 
•Lisa's friend1:      리사네 집 진짜 커 (Lisa's house is really big) 
•Lisa's friend2:    리사네 학교도 커. (Lisa's school, too, is big) 
 
Note: A school, house, company and country are some of the 'group/organisation' nouns that require 
네 attached to a personal name which are being possessive. Any other personal items such as one's 
bag, car and so on do not need    네 attached to a personal name.

Possessive - 의

Possessive - 의 Rule ● Add 의 to a noun. (Note: mainly used in a written form) Eg. • 나 + → 의 나의 = my • 너 + → 의 너의 = you...

Particles – 께/에게/한테 Direction Particle – 으로/로 Particles - 에서, 까지 [From, to; at/in] Particles - 만 [only]

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Particles – 께/에게/한테</div>
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 Direction Particle – 으로/로</div>
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   Particles - 에서,    까지 [From, to; at/in]</div>
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  Particles -    만 [only]</div>
The dative particle, 에게/한테, is mainly used for someone/something to whom you are giving 
something.    께 is a honorific form,    에게 is a formal form and    한테 is an informal form. 
Eg. 1 
아버지께 선물을 드렸다 = To my father, I gave a present. 
아버지 = Father 
선물 = present 
드리다 = give (honorific form) 
드렸다 = gave (honorific form) 
Eg.2 
아빠에게 선물을 드렸다 = To my dad, I gave a present. 
아빠 = Dad 
선물 = present 
드리다 = give (honorific form) 
드렸다 = gave (honorific form) 
Eg.3 
누나한테 물을 주었다. = To older sister, I gave water 
누나 = older sister 
물 = water 
주다 = give 
주었다 = gave 
(으)로부터/에게서/   한테서 is used when you are receiving something from someone. Again, (으)로 
부터 is an honorific form,    에게서 is formal and    한테서 is informal. 
Eg.1 
대통령으로부터 상을 받았다 = From the president, I received a prize. 
Eg.2 
엄마에게서 편지를 받았다 = From mum, I received a letter 
엄마 = mum 
편지 = letter 
받다 = receive 
받았다 = received 
Eg. 2 
형한테서 소식을 들었다 = From older brother, I heard news 
형 = older brother 
소식 = news 
듣다 = hear 
들었다 = heard 
 
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Direction Particle – 으로/로</div>
Particles - 으로/로 
으로 is used for words which have a final consonant, and    로 for words witthat a final 
consonant. (Exception:    로 is still used for words which have    ㄹ as a final consonant.) 
e.g. 
•   트럭으로 = by truck 
•   핸드폰으로 = by/with a mobile phone 
•   컴퓨터로 = by/with a computer 
•   차로 = by car 
•   연필로 = by/with a pencil 
I. 으로/   로 is used for tools/methods/transport with which you do something. 
Eg.1 
•    가위로 종이를 잘랐다 = With scissors, I cut a paper. 
•    연필로 그림을 그렸다 = With a pencil, I drew a picture. 
•    활로 사냥을 했다 = With a bow, I did hunting. 
가위 = scissors 
종이 = paper 
자르다 = cut 
잘랐다 = cut (past) 
연필 = pencil 
그림 = picture 
그리다 = draw 
그렸다 = drew 
활 = bow 
사냥 = hunting 
하다 = do 
했다 = did 
사냥을 하다 = do hunting 
Eg. 2 
•      윗은 좋은 머리로 골리앗을 이겼다 = With his good brain, David beat Goliath. 
•     나는 상상으로 천국을 보았다 = By my imagination, I saw the heaven. 
•      갈매기는 큰 부리로 물고기를 잡았다 = With its large beak, the gull caught a fish. 
윗 = David 
좋은 = good 
머리 = head (brain) 
 
골리앗 = Goliath 
이기다 = win/beat 
상상 = imagination 
천국 = heaven 
보다 = see 
보았다 = saw 
갈매기 = a gull 
큰 = big, large 
부리 = beak 
물고기 = fish 
잡다 = catch 
잡았다 = caught 
Eg. 3 
•    비행기로 섬에 갔다 = By a plane, I went to an island. 
•   차로 학교까지 1   시간 걸린다 = By car, it takes an hour to school. 
•KTX    로 서울에서 부산까지 3   시간 걸린다 = By KTX, it takes 3 hours to go from Seoul to 
Busan. 
비행기 = plane 
섬 = island 
가다 = go 
갔다 = went 
차 = car 
학교 = school 
시간 = hour 
걸리다 = take (time) 
걸린다 = take (time) 
KTX = Korea Train Express 
II. 으로/   로 is used for a destination/place for which you are headed. 
•   천국으로 간다 = I am headed for the heaven 
•    천국으로 들어가는 문 = a door for entering the heaven 
•    나오미는 모압으로 떠났어요 = Naomi left for Moab 
•    짐은 집으로 갔다 = Jim went home. 
The difference between 으로/   로 and 에/   게 is that 으로/   로 emphasises where one is headed/has gone 
whereas 에/   게 doesn't. 
나는 집으로 갔다 = I went home. (I didn't go to any other place.) 
 
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Particles - 에서,    까지 [From, to; at/in]</div>
에서,    까지 [From, to] 
에서 and    까지 are used after places/times just like "from" and "to" in English. 
Example sentences 
•   집에서 학교까지 = From home to school 
•1   시에서 2   시까지 = From 1pm to 2pm 
•   영국에서 왔어 = I came from England 
•    산 정상까지 올라갔다 = I climbed up to the summit of the mountain. 
•   저녁까지 돌아와 = Come back by evening 
영국 = England 
산 정상 = mountain summit 
저녁 = evening 
에서 [At/in] 
에서 is used after places to mean that something is happening at a particular place. 
Example sentences 
•   학교에서 미식축구를 했다. = At school, we played American football. 
•    일식집에서 초밥을 먹었다 = At a Japanese restaurant, I ate sushi. 
•    공원에서 배드민턴을 쳤다 = In a park, we played badminton. 
•    방에서 공부를 했다 = In my room, I studied. 
•    화장실에서 샤워를 했다 = In the bathroom, I had a shower. 
미식축구 = American football 
일식집 = Japanese restaurant 
초밥 = sushi 
공원 = park 
배드민턴 = badminton 
방 = room 
공부 = study (noun) 
공부를 했다 = studied 
화장실 = bathroom/toilet 
샤워 = shower 
샤워를 했다 = had a shower (Lit. did a shower) 
Note: In spoken Korean, 를/   을 is usually omitted. 
For example: 
 →    공부를 했다 공부 했어 (I studied) 
 →    샤워를 했다 샤워 했어 ( I had a shower) 
 →    저녁을 먹었다 저녁 먹었어 (I had dinner) 
 
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Particles -    만 [only]</div>
만 [Only Particle] 
만 essentially means "only" and it is used after a noun. Sometimes,    오직 is used before a noun to 
emphasize the "only-ness." 
•   나만 떠났다. = Only I left. 
•   아빠만 TV   를 보셨다. = Only Dad watched TV. 
•   룻만 이스라엘에 왔다. = Only Ruth came to Israel. 
•   물만 마셨다. = I drank only water. 
•   스티븐은 두만 샀다. = Stephen bought only shoes. 
•   오직 나만 먹었다. = Only I ate. 
•    오직 폴만 한국어를 공부했다. = Only Paul studied Korean. 
•   오직 존만 떠났다. = Only John left. 
만 can be also used for nominalized verbs.(Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs) In this case,    만 했다 is 
attched after a nominalized verb. 
Eg. 
•   나는 먹기만 했다. = I did only eating. 
•   폴은 1     주일 동안 한국어 공부하기만 했다. = Paul, for a week, did only studying Korean. 
•     동물원에서 본 코알라는 자기만 했다. = The koala, which I saw at the zoo, did only 
sleeping. 
동물원에서 본 코알라 = The koala, which I saw at the zoo 
For a detailed explanation of the descriptive verb, see (Verbs - Descriptive I)

Particles – 께/에게/한테 Direction Particle – 으로/로 Particles - 에서, 까지 [From, to; at/in] Particles - 만 [only]

Particles – 께/에게/한테 Direction Particle – 으로/로 Particles - 에서, 까지 [From, to; at/in] Particles - 만 [only] The dative p...

Adverbs - 부사

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Adverbs - 부사</div>
Adjective Present Adverb 
Positive 크다 크게 
Negative   크지 않다   크지 않게 
안크게 
Note:    크지 않게 is more commonly used in written Korean while    안크게 is more common in 
spoken Korean. 
Rules 
1. Take    다 off an adjective of the present tense and attach 게/   지 않게 to it. 
2. Attach    안 to a positive form of adverbs to turn it into its negative form. 
Written Present Adverb 
High 높다 높게, 높이 
Low 낮다 낮게 
Big 크다 크게 
Small 
(size) 
작다 작게 
Spacious 넓다 넓게 
Delicious 맛있다 맛있게 
Many 많다 많게, 많이 
Small 
(quantity) 
적다 적게 
Kind 착하다 착하게 
Fast 빠르다 빠르게, 빨리 
Slow 느리다 느리게 
Handsome 멋있다 멋있게 
Note: 
Adverbs come just before verbs to describe actions. 
많다,    빠르다 and    높다 each have two adverbial forms. 많이,    빨리 and    높이 are more commonly 
used than 많게,    빠르게 and 높게. 
Example sentences 
•     나는 스테이크를 맛있게 먹었다 = I ate my steak "deliciously" (Lit. I enjoyed my steak) 
 
•    거북이는 느리게 걷는다 = A tortoise walks slowly 
•    밥을 많이 먹었다 = I ate a big meal. (Lit. I ate a meal a lot.) 
•   집에 빨리 가자! = Let's go home quickly! 
•    철수는 결승점까지 빨리 달렸다. = Cheol-su ran fast to the finish line. 
•     성우는 케이크를 크게 만들었다 = Seong-u made a large cake. (Lit. Seong-u made his cake 
big.) 
•      높이 나는 새가 멀리 본다 = The higher a bird flies, the farther it sees. (Lit. A bird which 
flies high sees afar.)

Adverbs - 부사

Adverbs - 부사 Adjective Present Adverb Positive 크다 크게 Negative 크지 않다 크지 않게 안크게 Note: 크지 않게 is more commonly used in written ...

Verbs – Speech (in spoken Korean)

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Verbs – Speech (in spoken Korean)</div>
Verbs in spoken Korean 
The following dialogue between two close friends involve verbs inthe informal spoken form. 
잘 = well 
쇼핑 = shopping 
어 = yes 
오전 = am 
오후 = pm 
먼저 갈게 = I'll go first 
This dialogue should be easy to comprehend. 
대화 시작 = The conversation starts 
상우: 지우야,    뭐 해? 
지우:    밥 먹어. 
상우:    어디 가? 
지우: 어.    학교 가. 
상우:    언제 가? 
지우: 9 시에. 
상우: 왜? 
지우:    학교에서 공부해. 
상우: 재밌어? 
지우: 어. 재밌어. 
상우:    어떻게 공부해? 
지우:    선생님이 가르쳐 주셔. 
상우: 아~ 그래? 
지우: 어.    너는 뭐 해? 
상우:    나는 쇼핑 가. 
지우: 언제? 
상우:    오후 3 시에. 
지우:    밥은 먹었어? 
상우: 어. 먹었어.    나 먼저 갈게.    잘 있어~ 
지우:    잘 가~ 
Sang-u: Ji-u, what are you doing? 
Ji-u: I'm eating. 
Sang-u: Where are you going? 
Ji-u: I'm going to school. 
Sang-u: When are you going? 
Ji-u: At 9 o'clock. 
Sang-u: Why? [are you going to school?] 
Ji-u: I study at school. 
Sang-u: Is it fun? 
Ji-u: Yes, it's fun. 
Sang-u: How do you study? 
 
Ji-u: My teacher teaches me. 
Sang-u: Ahh... really? 
Ji-u: Yeap. How about you? 
Sang-u: I'll go shopping 
Ji-u: When? 
Sang-u: At 3 o'clock pm. 
Ji-u: Did you have a meal? 
Sang-u: Yes. I have. I'll go first then. Bye~ 
Ji-u: Bye~ 
This is a conversation between Sang-u and Ji-u. This is a type of conversation that is common 
between close friends, yet it is extremely simple to understand even for beginners of Korean. So pay 
attention to how these "spoken forms" are used. 
● A list of written forms and their respective spoken forms. 
Written Form - Spoken Form 
[For detailed explanation, refer to (Verbs - Present, Past)] 
go =    가다 - 가 
come =    오다 - 와 
do =    하다 - 해 
eat =    먹다 - 먹어 
give =    주다 - 줘 
receive =    받다 - 받아 
play =    놀다 - 놀아 
sleep =    자다 - 자 
run =    달리다 - 달려 
teach =    가르치다 - 가르쳐 
learn =    배우다 - 배워 
These spoken forms are informal so you should only use them with very close friends.

Verbs – Speech (in spoken Korean)

Verbs – Speech (in spoken Korean) Verbs in spoken Korean The following dialogue between two close friends involve verbs inthe informa...

Verbs - Descriptive Form I&II

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Verbs - Descriptive Form I&II</div>
The descriptive form I of verbs takes the meaning of "~ing." (ie. Continuous), or is used as a 
present tense clause involving "which, that, who etc.". 
Written 
Form 
Plain Descriptive I 
Positive 달리다 달리는 
Negative   달리지 않다   달리지 않는 
The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms I 
Written Form Plain Descriptive I 
Run 달리다 달리는 
Eat 먹다 먹는 
Go 가다 가는 
Stand 서다 서는 
Come 오다 오는 
Sit 앉다 앉는 
Buy 사다 사는 
Sell 팔다 파는 
Grow 자라다 자라는 
Throw 던지다 던지는 
Borrow 빌리다 빌리는 
Lend 빌려주다 빌려주는 
Play 놀다 노는 
Write 쓰다 쓰는 
Read 읽다 읽는 
Listen to 듣다 듣는 
Live 살다 사는 
Die 죽다 죽는 
These descriptive forms I are used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a present tense 
clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form I of    가다 is    가는 
and    가는 기차 means a "train which goes". Literally,    가는 means "going" therefore    가는 기차 = a 
going train. 
 
● Rules 
First, take    다 off a verb and then, 
1. add 는 
Eg. 
• →   먹다 먹는 = eating 
•   →  사과 먹는 난쟁이 a dwarf who eats an apple (= Lit. an apple-eating dwarf) 
• →   잠자다 잠자는 = sleeping 
•  →  잠자는 공주 a princess who sleeps (= Lit. A sleeping princess) 
• →   죽다 죽는 = dying 
•  →  죽는 병사 a soldier who is dying (= Lit. a dying soldier) 
• →    믿다 믿지 않는 = not believing/unbelieving 
•   →  믿지 않는 토마스 Thomas who does not believe (= Lit. unbelieving Thomas) 
2. Take    ㄹ off a verb with a final consonant,    ㄹ and add 는. 
Eg. 
• →   팔다 파는 = selling 
•   →  골동품 파는 가게 A shop which sells antiques (= Lit. An antique-selling shop) 
• →  살 사는 
•  →  사는 곳 A place where I'm living (= Lit. A living place) 
More examples 
•    사막에서 자라는 선인장 = A cactus which grows in the desert (= Lit. A desert-growing 
cactus) 
•     내가 읽는 책은  유익하다. = All the books that I read are informative. 
 
Verbs - Descriptive Form II 
The descriptive form II of verbs takes the meaning of "~ed." (ie. past tense) or is used as a past 
tense clause involving "who, which, that etc.". 
Written 
Form 
Plain Descriptive II 
Positive 달리다 달린 
Negative   달리지 않다   달리지 않은 
The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms II 
Written Form Plain Descriptive II 
Run 달리다 달린 
Eat 먹다 먹은 
Go 가다 간 
Stand 서다 선 
Come 오다 온 
Sit 앉다 앉은 
Buy 사다 산 
Sell 팔다 판 
Grow 자라다 자란 
Throw 던지다 던진 
Borrow 빌리다 빌린 
Lend 빌려주다 빌려준 
Play 놀다 논 
Write 쓰다 쓴 
Read 읽다 읽은 
Listen to 듣다 들은 
Live 살다 산 
Die 죽다 죽은 
Verbs can be used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a past tense clause involving "who, 
which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form II of    떠나다 is    떠난 and    떠난 기차 
means a "train which left". Literally,    떠난 means "left" therefore    떠난 기차 = a left train 
 
● Rules 
First, take    다 off a verb and then, 
1. For verbs with a final consonant, add 은 
Eg. 
• →   먹다 먹은 = ate 
•   →  사과 먹은 난쟁이 a dwarf who ate an apple 
• →   죽다 죽은 = died/dead 
•  →  죽은 병사 a dead soldier (= a soldier who died) 
• →    믿다 믿지 않은 = disbelieved 
•   →  믿지 않은 토마스 Thomas who disbelieved 
• →   읽다 읽은 = read (past tense) 
•  →  읽은 기사 an article that I read 
2. For verbs without a final consonant and verbs with    ㄹ as a final consonant, replace it with 
ㄴ as a final consonant. 
Eg. 
• →   빌리다 빌린 = borrowed 
•  →  빌린 책 a book which I borrowed (Lit. a borrowed book) 
• →  쓰다 쓴 = wrote 
•    성루까가 쓴 복음 = the gospel which St. Luke wrote 
• →   멈추다 멈춘 = stopped 
•    버스가 멈춘 곳 = a place where the bus stopped 
Sentences: Negatives 
• →    기다리다 기다리지 않은 = didn't wait 
•    →  주님을 기다리지 않은 하인 a servant who didn't wait for the Lord 
• →   먹다 먹지않은 = didn't eat 
•     음식을 먹지 않은 개 = a dog who didn't eat food 
• →    포기하다 포기하지 않은 = didn't give up 
•     끝까지 포기하지 않은 욥 = Job who didn't give up till the end

Verbs - Descriptive Form I&II

Verbs - Descriptive Form I&II The descriptive form I of verbs takes the meaning of "~ing." (ie. Continuous), or is used ...

Verbs – Want

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Verbs – Want</div>
Verbs - Want [~   고 싶다] 
Informal 
Written 
Form 
Present Past 
Positive   하고 싶다   하고 싶었다 
Negative   하고 싶지 않다 
하기 싫다 
하고 싶지 않았다 
하기 싫었다 
Informal 
Spoken 
Form 
Present Past 
Positive   하고 싶어   하고 싶었어 
Negative   하고 싶지 않아 
하기 싫어 
하고 싶지 않았어 
하기 싫었어 
Note:     하고 싶지 않다 and    하기 싫다 both mean "I don't want to do." However, In written Korean, 
하고 싶지 않다 is more commonly used whereas in spoken Korean,    하기 싫어 is more commonly 
used.    하기 싫어 literally means "I hate to do." 
The bold letters indicate which one is more commonly used. 
Rule 
Take    다 off a plain form of verbs and attach    고 싶다/   고 싶었다/   기 싫다/   기 싫었다/   고 싶어/   고 싶 
었어 etc. 
Examples (Written Form) 
• →    하다 하고 싶다 = I want to do. 
• →    먹다 먹고 싶다 = I want to eat. 
• →    날다 날고 싶었다 = I wanted to fly. 
• →     놀다 놀고 싶지 않았다 = I did't want to play. 
• →     마시다 마시고 싶지 않았다 = I didn't want to drink. 
•     바나나가 먹고 싶지 않았다 = I didn't want to eat a banana. 
•     하늘에서 날고 싶지 않았다 = I didn't want to fly in the sky. 
Examples (Spoken Form) 
• →    하다 하고 싶어 = I want to do. 
• →    먹다 먹고 싶어 = I want to eat. 
 
• →    날다 날고 싶었어 = I wanted to fly. 
• →    놀다 놀기 싫어 = I don't want to play. 
• →    마시다 마시기 싫었어 = I didn't want to drink. 
•    바나나 먹기 싫어 = I don't want to eat a banana. 
•    하늘 날기 싫었어 = I didn't want to fly in the sky. 
Questions (Spoken Form) 
•   자고 싶어? = Do you want to sleep? 
•어.    자고 싶어. = Yes, I want to sleep. 
•   뭐 먹고 싶어? = What do you want to eat? 
•   라면 먹고 싶어. = I want to eat noodles. 
•   어디 가고 싶어? = Where do you want to go? 
•   공원에 가고 싶어. = I want to go to a park. 
Formal Form 
Formal 
Written 
Form 
Present Past 
Positive   하고 싶습니다   하고 싶었습니다 
Negative   하고 싶지 않습니다 
하기 싫습니다 
하고 싶지 않았습니다 
하기 싫었습니다 
Formal 
Spoken 
Form 
Present Past 
Positive   하고 싶어요   하고 싶었어요 
Negative   하고 싶지 않아요 
하기 싫어요 
하고 싶지 않았어요 
하기 싫었어요 
Note: The informal spoken form is used between close friends or when older people are talking to 
younger people in informal situations. The formal form is used commonly between adults, by 
people in formal situations or when younger people are speaking to older people. 
Rules 
For the formal written form, the suffix , 다, is replaced by 습니다. 
For the formal spoken form, attach    요 at the end of a sentence. 
Examples (Written Form) 
• →    하다 하고 싶습니다 = I want to do. 
• →    먹다 먹고 싶습니다 = I want to eat. 
 
• →    날다 날고 싶었습니다 = I wanted to fly. 
• →     놀다 놀고 싶지 않았습니다 = I did't want to play. 
• →     마시다 마시고 싶지 않았습니다 = I didn't want to drink. 
Examples (Spoken form) 
• →    하다 하고 싶어요 = I want to do. 
• →    먹다 먹고 싶어요 = I want to eat. 
• →    날다 날고 싶었어요 = I wanted to fly. 
• →    놀다 놀기 싫었어요 = I did't want to play. 
• →    마시다 마시기 싫었어요 = I didn't want to drink. 
More examples 
•   자고 싶어요? = Do you want to sleep? 
•네.    자고 싶어요. = Yes, I want to sleep. 
•   뭐 먹고 싶어요? = What do you want to eat? 
•   라면 먹고 싶어요. = I want to eat noodles. 
•   어디 가고 싶어요? = Where do you want to go? 
•   공원에 가고 싶어요. = I want to go to a park. 
In addition: 
When talking about a third person, '   고 싶어 한다' is used instead of    고 싶다, and '   고 싶어해' instead 
of    고 싶어. 
Examples 
• →    가다 가고 싶어 한다 
•      루크는 극장에 가고 싶어 한다 = Luke wants to go to the theatre. 
•     선미는 사과주스 마시고 싶어해 = Sunmi wants to drink an apple juice.

Verbs – Want

Verbs – Want Verbs - Want [~ 고 싶다] Informal Written Form Present Past Positive 하고 싶다 하고 싶었다 Negative 하고 싶지 않다 하기 싫다 하고...

Verbs – Have

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  Verbs – Have</div>
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Have (있다) / Don't have (없다)</div>
This lesson covers how the verb, 'have', is used. It can be expressed in two ways: 
•   있다 = there is/are (Lit. is present) 
•   가지고 있다 = have, possess 
•   없다 = there isn't/aren't (Lit. is not present) 
•    가지고 있지 않다 = do not have/possess 
Informal 
Written 
Form 
Have Don't have 
있다 없다 
가지고 있다   가지고 있지 않다 
안 가지고 있다 
Informal 
Spoken 
Form 
Have Don't have 
있어 없어 
가지고 있어   가지고 있지 않아 
안 가지고 있어 
Note: The words in bold letters are the more commonly used of the two alternatives in each of the 
Written and Spoken forms. 
Have (있다) 
있다 means 'there is/are', for example: 
•    정원에 강아지가 있다 = There is a puppy in the garden. 
•     책상 위에 개미가 있다 = There's an ant on the desk. 
However, 있다 can also mean 'have'. It is used more frequently than the alternative, '   가지고 있다', 
which is more cumbersome to pronounce. 
•Written form → 있다,    가지고 있다 
•Spoken form → 있어,    가지고 있어 
 
Example Sentences 
Written Form 
•   책이 있다. = I have a book. (Lit. There is a book) 
•   시계가 있다. = I have a watch. 
•   핸드폰이 있다. = I have a mobile phone. 
•   책을 가지고 있다. = I have a book. 
•   핸드폰을 가지고 있다. = I have a mobile phone. 
Spoken Form 
•책(이) 있어. 
•핸드폰(이) 있어. 
•시계(가) 있어. 
•책(을)    가지고 있어. 
•핸드폰(을)    가지고 있어. 
Note: 1. Use 이/가 with "있다" and 을/를 with "   가지고 있다". 
2. The particles are usually omitted in spoken Korean. 
When you say, 'I have a brother or sister',    가지고 있다 CANNOT be used because it implies 
ownership. Only 있다 can be used in relation to people. 
For example, 
Written Form 
•   남동생이 있다. = I have a younger brother. 
•   여동생이 있다. = I have a younger sister. 
Spoken Form 
•형(이) 있어. = I have an older brother. 
•누나(가) 있어. = I have an older sister. 
•남동생(이) 있어. = I have a younger brother. 
•여동생(이) 있어. = I have a younger sister. 
Don't have (없다) 
없다 literally means 'there isn't/aren't'. However, it can also mean 'don't have' 
For example, 
Written Form 
•   없다 = don't have (Lit. there isn't/aren't) 
•   가지고 있지 않다/   안 가지고 있다 = don't have (Lit. don't own/possess) 
 
Spoken Form 
•   없어 = don't have (Lit. there isn't/aren't) 
•   가지고 있지 않아/   안 가지고 있어 = don't have (Lit. don't own/possess) 
Note: For the negatives, the words in bold letters are the more commonly used of the two 
alternatives in each of the Written and Spoken forms. 
Example Sentences 
Written Form 
•   책이 없다. = I don't have a book. 
•   시계가 없다. = I don't have a watch. 
•   핸드폰이 없다. = I don't have a mobile phone. 
•    책을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a book. 
•    핸드폰을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a mobile phone. 
Spoken Form 
•책(이) 없어. 
•시계(가) 없어. 
•핸드폰(이) 없어. 
•책(을)    안 가지고 있어. 
•핸드폰(을)    안 가지고 있어. 
Question Form 
In spoken Korean, in order to change a sentence into a question, you simply need to raise your tone 
at the last letter. 
To see how it's done, it'd be probably best to watch a native Korean do it for you. However, as I 
figure most of you would not have that kind of luxury, having a native speaker do it for you 
whenever you want, I encourage you to listen to the Korean audios or recordings online or watch 
Korean dramas or movies and familiarize yourself with the intonation of questions. For excellent 
free audio and video resources, please try 'Talk To Me In 
Korean' (http://www.talktomeinkorean.com/). 
•형(이) 있어? = Do you have an older brother? 
•누나(가) 있어? = Do you have an older sister? 
•남동생(이) 있어? = Do you have a younger brother? 
•여동생(이) 있어? = Do you have a younger sister? 
•책(이) 없어? = Don't you have a book? 
•시계(가) 없어? = Don't you have a watch? 
•핸드폰(이) 없어? = Don't you have a mobile phone? 
 
Polite Form 
While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or 
close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is 
commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations. 
Polite 
Written 
Form 
Have Don't have 
있습니다 없습니다 
가지고 있습니다   가지고 있지 않습니다 
안 가지고 있습니다 
Polite 
Spoken 
Form 
Have Don't have 
있어요 없어요 
가지고 있어요   가지고 있지 않아요 
안 가지고 있어요 
I) Informal → Polite (Spoken) 
Just add    요 at the end of a sentence. 
•   형 있어요? = Do you have an older brother? 
•   누나 있어요? = Do you have an older sister? 
•   남동생 있어요? = Do you have a younger brother? 
•   여동생 있어요? = Do you have a younger sister? 
•   책 없어요? = Don't you have a book? 
•   시계 없어요? = Don't you have a watch? 
•   핸드폰 없어요? = Don't you have a mobile phone? 
II) Informal → Polite (Written) 
Replace    다 with 습니다. 
•   책이 있습니다. = I have a book. 
•   시계가 있습니다. = I have a watch. 
•   핸드폰이 있습니다. = I have a mobile phone. 
•    책을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a book. 
•    핸드폰을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a mobile phone.

Verbs – Have

Verbs – Have Have (있다) / Don't have (없다) This lesson covers how the verb, 'have', is used. It can be expressed in two ...

Verbs - Can

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Verbs - Can</div>
Can do [   할 수 있다] 
In this lesson, we'll learn about how to conjugate verbs to form 'can' and 'cannot'. 
Informal Can do Could do 
Written   할 수 있다   할 수 있었다 
Spoken   할 수 있어   할 수 있었어 
Informal Can't do Couldn't do 
Written   할 수 없다 
못 한다 
할 수 없었다 
못 했다 
Spoken   할 수 없어 
못 해 
할 수 없었어 
못 했어 
Note:    할 수 없다 and    할 수 없었다 is more commnly used than    못 한다 and    못 했다 in written 
Korean. Similarly, 못 해 and    못 했어 is more commonly used than 할    수 없어 and     할 수 없었어 in 
spoken Korean. 
Conjugation rules 
<Written Form> 
First of all, take    다 off the plain form of verbs. 
1. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach     ㄹ 수 있다 to them, and for 
verbs whose last character has    ㄹ as a final consonant, attach    수 있다 to them. 
E.g. 
• →     하다 할 수 있다 = can do 
• →     가다 갈 수 있다 = can go 
• →     보다 볼 수 있다 = can see 
• →     자다 잘 수 있다 = can sleep 
• →     마시다 마실 수 있다 = can drink 
• →     달리다 달릴 수 있다 = can run 
• →     놀다 놀 수 있다 = can play 
• →     살다 살 수 있다 = can live 
• →     날다 날 수 있다 = can fly 
 
2. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, attach     을 수 있다 to them. 
E.g. 
• →     먹다 먹을 수 있다 = can eat 
• →     입다 입을 수 있다 = can wear 
• →     앉다 앉을 수 있다 = can sit 
• →     잡다 잡을 수 있다 = can catch 
Irregular forms 
• →     듣 들을 수 있다 (can hear) 
• →     걷 걸을 수 있다 (can walk) 
<Spoken Form> 
Add    못 in front of the spoken form of positive verbs to express 'can't do' and 'couldn't do.' 
E.g. 
• →    해 못 해 = can't do 
• →    와 못 와 = can't come 
• →    봐 못 봐 = can't see 
• →    가 못 가 = can't go 
• →    들어 못 들어 = can't hear 
• →    먹어 못 먹어 = can't eat 
• →    갔어 못 갔어 = couldn't go 
• →    들었어 못 들었어 = couldn't hear 
• →    먹었어 못 먹었어 = couldn't eat 
Example Sentences 
•      치타는 빨리 달릴 수 있다 = A cheetah can run fast. 
•      종달새는 하늘을 날 수 있다 = A lark can fly in the sky. 
•       솔로몬은 어려운 수수께끼를 풀 수 있다 = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle. 
•     애완동물은 박물관에 들어갈 수 없다. = A pet cannot enter the museum. 
•     기타 칠 수 있어 = I can play the guitar. 
•     존은 해물은 못 먹어 = John can't eat seafood. 
•      사라는 아파서 학교에 못 갔어 = Because Sarah was sick, she couldn't go to school. 
치타 = cheetah 
빨리 = fast, quickly 
종달새 = lark 
날다 = fly 
솔로몬 = Solomon 
 
어려운 = difficult 
수수께끼 = riddle 
풀다 = solve 
애완동물 = a pet 
박물관 = museum 
들어가다 = enter 
기타 = guitar 
치다 = play (the instrument) 
존 = John 
해물 = seafood 
사라 = Sarah 
아프다 = sick 
Polite Form 
While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or 
close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is 
commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations. 
Formal Can do Could do 
Written   할 수 있습니다   할 수 있었습니다 
Spoken   할 수 있어요   할 수 있었어요 
Formal Can't do Couldn't do 
Written   할 수 없습니다 
못 합니다 
할 수 없었습니다 
못 했습니다 
Spoken   할 수 없어요 
못 해요 
할 수 없었어요 
못 했어요 
Note: The ones in bold characters are more commonly used alternative of the two in each box. 
Conjugation rules 
1. Informal → Polite (Written) 
Replace    다 with 습니다. 
•   →     할 수 있다 할 수 있습니다 = can do 
•   →     갈 수 있다 갈 수 있습니다 = can go 
•   →     말할 수 있다 말할 수 있습니다 = can speak 
•   →     올 수 있었다 올 수 있었습니다 = could come 
•   →     일어설 수 있었다 일어설 수 있었습니다 = could stand 
 
2. Informal → Polite (Spoken) 
Attach    요 at the end of sentences. 
•   →     할 수 있어 할 수 있어요 = can do 
•   →     갈 수 있어 갈 수 있어요 = can go 
•   →     줄 수 있어 줄 수 있어요 = can give 
•   →     받을 수 있었어 받을 수 있었어요 = could receive 
•   →     올라갈 수 있었어 올라갈 수 있었어요 = could go up 
Example Sentences 
•      치타는 빨리 달릴 수 있습니다 = A cheetah can run fast. 
•      종달새는 하늘을 날 수 있습니다 = A lark can fly in the sky. 
•       솔로몬은 어려운 수수께끼를 풀 수 있습니다 = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle. 
•     애완동물은 박물관에 들어갈 수 없습니다. = A pet cannot enter the museum. 
•     기타 칠 수 있어요 = I can play the guitar. 
•     존은 해물은 못 먹어요 = John can't eat seafood. 
•      사라는 아파서 학교에 못 갔어요 = Because Sarah was sick, she couldn't go to school.

Verbs - Can

Verbs - Can Can do [ 할 수 있다] In this lesson, we'll learn about how to conjugate verbs to form 'can' and 'cannot...

Verbs - Connective

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Verbs - Connective</div>
Connective Form [하고] 
This lesson is about the connective form which is primarily used in two ways: 
1. To list verbs. 
2. To link one sentence to the next. 
We'll have a look at these functions of the connective form in detail below. 
Table of Common Verbs and Their Connective Forms 
Written 
Form 
Plain Connective 
Do 하다 하고 
Go 가다 가고 
Come 오다 오고 
Eat 먹다 먹고 
Drink 마시다 마시고 
Walk 걷다 걷고 
Run 달리다 달리고 
Stand 서다 서고 
Sit 앉다 앉고 
Get up 일어나다 일어나고 
Sleep 자다 자고 
Buy 사다 사고 
Sell 팔다 팔고 
Grow 자라다 자라고 
Throw 던지다 던지고 
Borrow 빌리다 빌리고 
Lend 빌려주다 빌려주고 
Play 놀다 놀고 
Write 쓰다 쓰고 
Read 읽다 읽고 
Listen 듣다 듣고 
Live 살다 살고 
 
Die 죽다 죽고 
Conjugation rule 
Take    다 off the plain form of verbs, and then attach    고 to them. 
• →  하다 하고 
• →  가다 가고 
The connective form of verbs is used: 
1. To list verbs. 
2. To link one sentence to the next. 
1. To list verbs. 
For example, if I wanted to say "I get up, eat and go.", the verb stems are changed to their 
connective forms except the last verb which determines the tense of a sentence. 
• →  일어나다 일어나고 
• →  먹다 먹고 
• →  걷다 걷고 
•    일어나고 먹고 가다 = get up, eat and go 
•    일어나고 먹고 갔다 = got up, ate and went 
•     일어나고 먹고 갈 거다 = will get up, eat and go 
In each instance, the last verb determines the tense of a sentence. 
2. To link one sentence to the next. 
The example below shows how three sentences can be linked together using the connective form of 
verbs. 
•   유리는 학교에 가요. (Yuri goes to school) 
•   진수는 밖에서 놀아요. (Jinsu plays outside) 
•   미나는 책 읽어요. (Mina reads a book) 
유리는 학교에 가고,    진수는 밖에서 놀고,    미나는 책 읽어요. 
= Yuri goes to school, Jinsu plays outside and Mina reads. 
However, the verbs in each sentence can be conjugated into different tenses. 
•   유리는 학교에 갔어요. = Yuri went to school 
•   진수는 밖에서 놀거에요. = Jinsu will play outside 
•   미나는 책 읽어요. = Mina reads (or Mina is reading) 
 
유리는 학교에 갔고,    진수는 밖에서 놀거고,    미나는 책 읽어요. 
= Yuri went to school, Jinsu will play outside and Mina is reading. 
Example sentences 
E.g. 
•I heard and spoke =    듣고 말했다 
•I studied, revised and taught = 공부하고, 복습하고, 가르쳤다. 
•I washed and ate dinner. =     나는 씻고 저녁을 먹었다. 
•      이 상점에서는 과일과 채소를 사고 팔아요. = This shop sells and buys fruit and 
vegetables. 
•   친구를 만나고,    같이 놀고,    점심을 먹었어요. = I met my friend, had fun and ate lunch 
together. 
•         비가 오고 눈이 오고 바람이 불고 번개가 쳐요 = It's raining and snowing, the wind is 
blowing and the lightning strikes. 
•   니엘은 TV   를 보고,     수잔은 아침을 만들고 있고,     삼손은 아직 자고 있어요. = Daniel is 
watching TV, Suzanne is making breakfast and Samson is still in bed.

Verbs - Connective

Verbs - Connective Connective Form [하고] This lesson is about the connective form which is primarily used in two ways: 1. To list ver...

Verbs - Contiunous

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Verbs - Contiunous</div>
Continuous Form [~   고 있다] 
In this lesson, we'll learn about the 'continuous' form. It would be similar to the '-ing' form in 
English. 
Informal 
Written 
Form 
Plain Form Present Continuous 
Positive 하다   하고 있다 
Negative   하지 않다 
안 하다 
하지 않고 있다 
안 하고 있다 
•   하다 = do 
•   하지 않다/   안 하다 = not do 
•   하고 있다 = is doing 
•   하지 않고 있다/    안 하고 있다 = is not doing 
Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more 
commonly used in the written form, i.e.: 
•   하지 않다 is more commonly used than    안 하다 in written Korean. 
Informal 
Written 
Form 
Past Past Continuous 
Positive 했다   하고 있었다 
Negative   하지 않았다 
안 했다 
하지 않고 있었다 
안 하고 있었다 
•   했다 = did 
•   하지 않았다/   안 했다 = didn't do 
•   하고 있었다 = was doing 
•   하지 않고 있었다/    안 하고 있었다 = wasn't doing 
Conjugation Rules 
Take    다 off the plain form of verbs, and then add    고 있(었)   다 for their positive form and    지 않 
고 있(었)   다 for their negative form. 
E.g. 
• →    쓰다 쓰고 있다 = is writing 
89 
•     피터는 편지를 쓰고 있다 = Peter is writing a letter. 
• →     나눠주다 나눠 주고 있다 = is serving/distributing 
•      보영은 아이들에게 학교급식을 나눠주고 있다 = Bo-young is serving school meals to 
children. 
• →    듣다 듣고 있었다 = was listening 
•       폴은 팀 켈러의 메세지를 듣고 있었다 = Paul was listening to a Tim Keller's message. 
• →     자다 자지 않고 있었다 = was not sleeping 
•     아기는 자지 않고 있었다 = The baby was not sleeping 
• →    서다 서고 있었다 = was standing 
•        영근 근위병은 버킹엄 궁전앞에서 계속 서고 있었다 = The English guardsman was 
standing continuously in front of the Buckingham Palace. 
Spoken Form 
Informal 
Spoken 
Form 
Present 
Continuous 
Past Continuous 
Positive   하고 있어   하고 있었어 
Negative   하지 않고 있어 
안 하고 있어 
하지 않고 있었어 
안 하고 있었어 
•   하고 있어 = is doing 
•   하지 않고 있어/   안 하고 있어 = is not doing 
•   하고 있었어 = was doing 
•   하지 않고 있었어/   안 하고 있었어 = was not doing 
The conjugation rule is the same as the written form except    다 at the end of sentences changes 
to 어. 
•    점심 먹고 있어 = I am eating lunch 
•     줄리아는 안 달리고 있어 = Julia is not running 
•     현우는 산을 올라가고 있어 = Hyun-woo is climbing a mountain. 
•        민주는 과일 샐러드와 연어 조림을 만들고 있어 = Min-ju is making a fruit salad and fried 
salmon. 
•      아까부터 고슴도치가 안 움직이고 있었어 = Since a while ago, the hedgehog was not 
moving. 
 
Polite Form 
While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or 
close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is 
commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations. 
Polite 
Written 
Form 
Present Continuous Past Continuous 
Positive   하고 있습니다   하고 있었습니다 
Negative   하지 않고 있습니다 
안 하고 있습니다 
하지 않고 있었습니다 
안 하고 있었습니다 
•   하고 있습니다 = is doing 
•   하지 않고 있습니다/    안 하고 있습니다 = is not doing 
•   하고 있었습니다 = was doing 
•   하지 않고 있었습니다/    안 하고 있었습니다 = was not doing 
Polite 
Spoken 
Form 
Present Continuous Past Continuous 
Positive   하고 있어요   하고 있었어요 
Negative   하지 않고 있어요 
안 하고 있어요 
하지 않고 있었어요 
안 하고 있었어요 
•   하고 있어요 = is doing 
•   하지 않고 있어요/   안 하고 있어요 = is not doing 
•   하고 있었어요 = was doing 
•   하지 않고 있었어요/   안 하고 있었어요 = was not doing 
Conjugation rules 
I) Informal → Polite (Written) 
Simply    다 at the end of the informal written 'continuous' forms changes to 습니다 
•  →    하고 있다 하고 있습니다 = is doing 
•  →    가고 있다 가고 있습니다 = is going 
•  →    오고 있다 오고 있습니다 = is coming 
•  →    걷고 있다 걷고 있습니다 = is walking 
•  →    만들고 있다 만들고 있습니다 = is making 
II) Informal → Polite (Spoken) 
 
Simply add    요 at the end of the sentences of the informal 'continuous' spoken form. 
•     지혜는 학교 가고 있어요 = Ji-hye is going to school 
•     영수는 수영 하고 있어요 = Young-su is swimming 
•     철민이는 영화 보고 있었어요 = Chul-min was watching a movie. 
•      정수는 조금 전까지 거실에 있었어요 = Jung-su was in the living room until a short while 
ago. 
•10         분전쯤까지 버킹엄 궁전 앞에 아무도 안 서고 있었어요 = Until about 10 minutes ago, 
there was no one standing in front of the Buckingham Palace.

Verbs - Contiunous

Verbs - Contiunous Continuous Form [~ 고 있다] In this lesson, we'll learn about the 'continuous' form. It would be simila...

Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]

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Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]</div>
Polite Form 
This lesson is about the polite form of verbs, in addition to the informal form which we learned in 
the previous lesson. Let's go over again the differences between the informal and polite forms. 
•Informal - Generally speaking, the informal form is used among people of the same age or 
to people who are younger by older people. It is also used by people who are closely related 
such as such family members and relatives. People who are close friends would use this 
form depending on the familiarity and acceptability. 
•Polite - The polite form is used when speaking to people who are older than you or of a 
higher rank than you such as in the company, army and other institutions. However, people 
generally use the polite form in many social settings regardless of one's age. Initially, it 
would be best to stick to the polite form when learning Korean, as this would be the 
predominant form of speaking to people in many social environments. However, if you 
attend school or other similar institutions where you'd make friends and the environment is 
more casual, it might be more appropriate to use the informal form. 
Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negatives are more commonly used in each case, 
i.e.    먹지 않습니다 is more commonly used than    안 먹습니다 in the written form, and    안 먹어요 is 
more commonly used than    먹지 않아요 in the spoken form. 
Polite 
Written 
Form 
Present Past 
Positive 먹습니다 먹었습니다 
Negative   먹지 않습니다 
안 먹습니다 
먹지 않았습니다 
안 먹었습니다 
Polite 
Spoken 
Form 
Present Past 
Positive 먹어요 먹었어요 
Negative   먹지 않아요 
안 먹어요 
먹지 않았어요 
안 먹었어요 
Conjugation Rules 
I) Informal Plain → Polite Present (Written) 
 
First of all, take    다 off the plain form of verbs, and then: 
1. For verbs whose final character has no final consonant, add    ㅂ 니다. 
E.g. 
• →   하다 합니다 = do 
• →   가다 갑니다 = go 
• →   오다 옵니다 = come 
• →   쓰다 씁니다 = write 
• →   말하다 말합니다 = speak 
•바라다 →   바랍니다 = hope 
• →   자라다 자랍니다 = grow 
2. For verbs whose final character has a final consonant, add 습니다. 
E.g. 
• →   먹다 먹습니다 = eat 
• →   걷다 걷습니다 = walk 
•듣다 →   듣습니다 = listen 
• →   읽다 읽습니다 = read 
• →   입다 입습니다 = wear 
Note: The rule 3 overrides the rule 2. 
3. For verbs whose last character has    ㄹ as a final consonant, change it to    ㅂ and add 니다. 
E.g. 
• →   살다 삽니다 = live 
• →   놀다 놉니다 = play (have fun) 
• →   알다 압니다 = know 
• →   날다 납니다 = fly 
• →   걸다 겁니다 = hang (up) 
• →   말다 맙니다 = roll (up) 
•밀다 →   밉니다 = push 
II) Informal Past → Polite Past (Written) 
Take    다 off the informal past form of verbs, and then add 습니다. 
• →   했다 했습니다 = did 
•갔다 →   갔습니다 = went 
• →   왔다 왔습니다 = came 
• →   봤다 봤습니다 = watched 
• →   먹었다 먹었습니다 = ate 
• →   달렸다 달렸습니다 = ran 
• →   만났 만났습니다 = met 
 
III) Informal → Polite (Spoken) 
Just add    요 to the informal spoken forms. 
• →   해 해요 = do 
• →   가 가요 = go 
• →   와 와요 = come 
• →   안해 안해요 = not do 
• →   안봐 안봐요 = not watch 
• →   안사 안사요 = not buy 
• →   안자 안자요 = not sleep 
• →   먹었어 먹었어요 = ate 
• →   걸었어 걸었어요 = walked 
• →   만났어 만났어요 = met 
• →   안했어 안했어요 = didn't do 
• →   안갔어 안갔어요 = didn't go 
• →   안먹었어 안먹었어요 = didn't eat 
• →   안빌렸어 안빌렸어요 = didn't borrow 
A brief revision of the differences between the written and spoken forms 
•The written form is used in literature such as books, newspapers and any form of writing 
that is not 'conversational.' The written form, in essence, is literary, factual and declarative. It 
is rarely used in normal everyday conversations. However, the news on TV uses this written 
form of Korean. It is also used in public speeches. The reason is probably due to the fact that 
the news and public announcements or speeches are usually all declarative and/or factual. 
•The spoken form is the usual way in which people speak and have a conversation. It is used 
in all types of spoken Korean such as normal conversations, dramas, and movies, with the 
possible exceptions of news, documentaries and other factual, formal types of programs on 
TV and radio. 
 
Verbs - Future [Will] 
We're going to learn how to form a future tense of verbs in this lesson. 
Please have a look at the table below. 
Informal will do won't do 
Written 
Form 
할 거다   하지 않을 거다 
안 할 거다 
Spoken 
Form 
할 거야   하지 않을 거야 
안 할 거야 
Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more 
commonly used in each of the written and spoken forms, i.e.: 
•   하지 않을 거다 is more commonly used than     안 할 거다 in written Korean. 
•   안 할 거야 is more commonly used than     하지 않을 거야 in spoken Korean. 
Conjugation rules 
First of all, take    다 off the plain form of verbs and then: 
I) Will 
1. For verbs whose final character has no final consonant, attach    ㄹ 거다 to them. 
E.g. 
• →    하다 할 거다 = will do 
• →    가다 갈 거다 = will go 
• →    오다 올 거다 = will come 
• →   만나다 만날거다 = will meet 
• →   자라다 자랄거다 = will grow 
2. For verbs whose final character has a final consonant, attach    을 거다 to them. 
E.g. 
• →    먹다 먹을 거다 = will eat 
• →    앉다 앉을 거다 = will sit 
• →    읽다 읽을 거다 = will read 
• →    입다 입을 거다 = will wear 
• →    잡다 잡을 거다 = will catch 
Note: The rule 3 overrides the rule 2. 
85 
3. For verbs whose final character has    ㄹ as a final consonant, just attach    거다 to them. 
E.g. 
• →   밀다 밀거다 = will push 
• →   날다 날거다 = will fly 
• →   살다 살거다 = will live 
Irregular form 
• →    듣 들을 거다 = will listen 
II) Won't 
Simply attach     지 않을 거다 to verbs. 
E.g. 
• →     하다 하지 않을 거다 = won't do 
• →     가다 가지 않을 거다 = won't go 
• →     오다 오지 않을 거다 = won't come 
• →     사다 사지 않을 거다 = won't buy 
• →     먹다 먹지 않을 거다 = won't eat 
• →     입다 입지 않을 거다 = won't wear 
• →     앉다 앉지 않을 거다 = won't sit 
• →     밀다 밀지 않을 거다 = won't push 
Example sentences 
•   집에 갈 거야? = Will you go home? 
•     사라는 수영 할 거야 = Sarah will swim 
•     윗은 골리앗 이길 거야 = David will beat Goliath 
•      난 방에서 기타 칠 거야 = I will play the guitar in my room 
•     존은 박물관에 들어갈 거야 = John will enter the museum 
집 = home 
존 = John 
들어가다 = enter 
기타 = guitar 
치다 = play (the instrument) 
사라 = Sarah 
수영 = swim 
윗 = David 
골리앗 = Goliath 
Question Form 
Raise the tone of your voice at the last syllable to turn it into a question form. 
 
•   축구 할 거야? = Will you do(play) soccer? 
•   벌써 갈 거야? = Will you go(leave) already? 
•   씻을 거야? = Will you wash? (Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?) 
•   올림픽 볼 거야? = Will you watch the Olympics? 
•    학교 안 갈 거야? = Won't you go to school? 
•    점심 안 먹을 거야? = Won't you have lunch? 
•     이 책 안 읽을 거야? = Won't you read this book? 
Polite Form 
Let's briefly go over the differences between the informal and polite forms again. 
While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or 
close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is 
commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations. 
Polite 
Written 
Form 
Will do Won't do 
할 겁니다   하지 않을 겁니다 
안 할 겁니다 
Polite 
Spoken 
Form 
Will do Won't do 
할 거예요   하지 않을 거예요 
안 할 거예요 
Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more 
commonly used in each of the written and spoken forms, i.e.: 
•   하지 않을 겁니다 is more commonly used than     안 할 겁니다 in written Korean. 
•   안 할 거예요 is more commonly used than     하지 않을 거예요 in spoken Korean. 
Conjugations rules 
I) Informal → Polite (Written) 
Simply change    거다 to 겁니다. 
E.g. 
 
•  →    할 거다 할 겁니다 = will do 
•  →    갈 거다 갈 겁니다 = will go 
•  →    먹을 거다 먹을 겁니다 = will eat 
•   →     마시지 않을 거다 마시지 않을 겁니다 = won't drink 
•   →     달리지 않을 거다 달리지 않을 겁니다 = won't run 
II) Informal → Polite (Spoken) 
Simply change    야 to 예요. 
E.g. 
•  →    할 거야 할 거예요 = will do 
•  →    올 거야 올 거예요 = will come 
•  →    들어갈 거야 들어갈 거예요 = will enter (go in) 
•   →     안 볼 거야 안 볼 거예요 = won't see/watch 
•   →     안 달릴 거야 안 달릴 거예요 = won't run 
Example sentences 
•   집에 갈 거예요? = Will you go home? 
•    사라는 수영 할 거예요. = Sarah will swim. 
•    윗은 골리앗 이길 거예요. = David will beat Goliath. 
•    존은 박물관에 들어갈 거예요. = John will enter the museum. 
•     저는 거실에서 기타 칠 거예요. = I will play the guitar in the living room. 
•   씻을 거예요? = Will you wash? (Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?) 
•   벌써 갈 거예요? = Will you go(leave) already? 
•   축구 할 거예요? = Will you do(play) soccer? 
•   월드컵 볼 거예요? = Will you watch the World Cup? 
•    학교 안 갈 거예요? = Won't you go to school? 
•    점심 안 먹을 거예요? = Won't you have lunch? 
•     이 책 안 읽을 거예요? = Won't you read this book?

Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]

Verbs - Polite [Present, Past] Polite Form This lesson is about the polite form of verbs, in addition to the informal form which we l...

Conjugations Rules

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Conjugations Rules</div>
I) Plain → Present (Written) 
1. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, replace    다 with 는다. 
E.g. 
• →   먹다 먹는다 = eat 
•   사과를 먹는다 = eat an apple 
• →   걷다 걷는다 = walk 
•   사람은 걷는다 = A human walks 
• →   믿다 믿는다 = believe 
•    나는 예수님을 믿는다 = I believe Jesus 
 
2. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, replace    다 with    ㄴ  . 
E.g. 
• →   잠자다 잠잔다 = sleep 
•    지금 새들은 잠잔다 = Now birds sleep (= At the moment, the birds are sleeping) 
• 가다 →   간다 = go 
•    민아는 학교를 간다 = Mina goes to school 
• →   보다 본다 = watch/look/see 
•     현주는 자주 밖을 본다 = Hyun-ju often looks outside 
3. For verbs whose last character has    ㄹ as a final consonant, replace it with ㄴ. 
E.g. 
• →   팔다 판다 = sell 
•     이 가게는 과일을 판다 = This shop sells fruit 
• →   살 산다 = live 
•    지우는 여기에서 산다 = Ji-u lives here 
• →   밀 민다 = push 
•   자동차를 민다 = push a car 
II) Plain → Past (Written) 
First of all, take    다 off a verb, and then: 
1. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach    ㅆ as a final consonant. 
(exception: For the vowel, ㅜ, attach 었다.) 
E.g. 
• 가다:    가 +    ㅆ  =    갔다 = went 
• 사다:    사 +    ㅆ  =    샀다 = bought 
• 서다:    서 +    ㅆ  =    섰다 = stood 
• 자다:    자 +    ㅆ  =    잤다 = slept 
• 자라다:    자라 +    ㅆ  =    자랐다 = grew 
Exception: 
• 두다:    두 +    었다 =    두었다 = put 
• 주다:    주 +    었다 =    주었다 = give 
• →   하다 했다 = did (NOT 핬다) 
Note: The following rules override the rule 1. 
 
2. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, add    었 or 았. 
• For vowels,    ㅏ and ㅗ, add 았. 
• For vowels, ㅓ, ㅜ,    ㅡ and ㅣ, add 었. 
E.g. 
• 날다:    날 +    았다 =    날았다 = flew 
• 살다:    살 +    았다 =    살았다 = lived 
• 놀다:    놀 +    았다 =    놀았다 = played (had fun) 
• 먹다:    먹 +    었다 =    먹었다 = ate 
• 죽다:    죽 +    었다 = 죽었다 = died 
• 들다:    들 +    었다 =    들었다 = lifted up 
• 밀다:    밀 +    었다 = 밀었다 = pushed 
3. For verbs whose last character has    ㅣ as a vowel, and no final consonant, change    ㅣ to    ㅕ 
and attach    ㅆ as the final consonant. 
E.g. 
• 달리다:  →  →   달리 달렸 달렸다 = ran 
• 빌리다: 빌리 →  →   빌렸 빌렸다 = borrowed 
• 이기다:  →  →   이기 이겼 이겼다 = won 
• 던지다: 던지 → 던졌 →    던졌다 = threw 
• 니다:  →  →   니  녔 다녔다 = attended 
4. For verbs whose last character has    ㅗ as a vowel and no consonant, change    ㅗ to    ㅘ and 
attach    ㅆ as the final consonant. 
E.g. 
• →   오다 왔다 = came 
• →   보다 봤다 = saw/looked/watched 
5. For verbs whose last character has    ㅡ as a vowel, replace it with    ㅓ and then attach    ㅆ as 
the final consonant. 
E.g. 
• 크다:  →  →   크 컸 컸다 = grew 
• 쓰다:  →  →   쓰 썼 썼다 = wrote 
• 트다:  →  →   트 텄 텄다 = sprouted 
 
Irregular form 
E.g. 
• →  하다 했다 
• →  듣 들었다 
III) Plain → Present (Spoken) 
1. For verbs whose last character has a vowel,    ㅏ or    ㅓ and no final consonant, just drop    다 
off. 
E.g. 
• →   가다 가 = go 
• →   서다 서 = stand 
• →   사다 사 = buy 
• 자라다 →   자라 = grow 
Exception:    하 changes to 해. 
E.g. 
• →   하다 해 = do 
• 원하다 →   원해 = want 
• →   구하다 구해 = save (a life) 
2. For verbs whose last character has a vowel,    ㅗ or    ㅜ and no final consonant: 
•   ㅗ changes to ㅘ 
•   ㅜ changes to ㅝ 
E.g. 
• →   오다 와 = come 
• →   보다 봐 = see/watch/look 
• →   두다 둬 = place (something) on, leave (something as it is) 
• →   주다 줘 = give 
• →   빌려주다 빌려줘 = lend 
3. For verbs whose last character is 르, drop it off and then attach a final consonant, ㄹ, to the 
character preceding 르, and then attach    라 or    러 to them. 
•   라 for verbs whose character preceding    르 has a vowel,    ㅏ or ㅗ. 
•   러 for verbs whose character preceding    르 has a vowel, ㅓ,    ㅜ or ㅣ. 
E.g. 
• →   가르다 갈라 = divide 
 
• →   자르다 잘라 = cut 
• →   오르다 올라 = climb 
• →   거르다 걸러 = filter, sift 
• →   서두르다 서둘러 = hurry 
• → 구르다    굴러 = roll 
• →   가로지르다 가로질러 = go cross 
(Also, for verbs which have a last consonant of ㅡ, replace it with ㅓ.) 
• →   쓰다 써 = write 
• →   끄다 꺼 = extinguish (a fire) 
• →   뜨다 떠 = float 
4. For verbs whose last character has    ㅣ as a vowel and no final consonant, change    ㅣ to ㅕ. 
E.g. 
• →   지다 져 = lose 
• →   이기다 이겨 = win 
• →   던지다 던져 = throw 
5. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, attach: 
•   아 for characters whose vowel is   ㅏ or ㅗ 
•   어 for characters whose vowel is ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ or ㅣ. 
E.g. 
• →   살다 살아 = live 
• →   팔다 팔아 = sell 
• →   앉다 앉아 = sit 
• →   놀다 놀아 = play (have fun) 
• →   먹다 먹어 = eat 
• →   물다 물어 = bite 
• →   늙다 늙어 = age 
• →   읽다 읽어 = read 
Irregular form 
• →   듣 들어 = listen/hear 
IV) Past (Written) → Past (Spoken) 
Simply change    다 to 어. 
• →   갔다 갔어 = went 
 
• →   왔다 왔어 = came 
• →   달렸다 달렸어 = ran 
• →   먹었다 먹었어 = ate 
• →   마셨다 마셨어 = drank

Conjugations Rules

Conjugations Rules I) Plain → Present (Written) 1. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, replace 다 with 는다. E.g. ...