Conjugations Rules
I) Plain → Present (Written)1. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, replace 다 with 는다.
E.g.
• → 먹다 먹는다 = eat
• 사과를 먹는다 = eat an apple
• → 걷다 걷는다 = walk
• 사람은 걷는다 = A human walks
• → 믿다 믿는다 = believe
• 나는 예수님을 믿는다 = I believe Jesus
2. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, replace 다 with ㄴ .
E.g.
• → 잠자다 잠잔다 = sleep
• 지금 새들은 잠잔다 = Now birds sleep (= At the moment, the birds are sleeping)
• 가다 → 간다 = go
• 민아는 학교를 간다 = Mina goes to school
• → 보다 본다 = watch/look/see
• 현주는 자주 밖을 본다 = Hyun-ju often looks outside
3. For verbs whose last character has ㄹ as a final consonant, replace it with ㄴ.
E.g.
• → 팔다 판다 = sell
• 이 가게는 과일을 판다 = This shop sells fruit
• → 살 산다 = live
• 지우는 여기에서 산다 = Ji-u lives here
• → 밀 민다 = push
• 자동차를 민다 = push a car
II) Plain → Past (Written)
First of all, take 다 off a verb, and then:
1. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach ㅆ as a final consonant.
(exception: For the vowel, ㅜ, attach 었다.)
E.g.
• 가다: 가 + ㅆ = 갔다 = went
• 사다: 사 + ㅆ = 샀다 = bought
• 서다: 서 + ㅆ = 섰다 = stood
• 자다: 자 + ㅆ = 잤다 = slept
• 자라다: 자라 + ㅆ = 자랐다 = grew
Exception:
• 두다: 두 + 었다 = 두었다 = put
• 주다: 주 + 었다 = 주었다 = give
• → 하다 했다 = did (NOT 핬다)
Note: The following rules override the rule 1.
2. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, add 었 or 았.
• For vowels, ㅏ and ㅗ, add 았.
• For vowels, ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ and ㅣ, add 었.
E.g.
• 날다: 날 + 았다 = 날았다 = flew
• 살다: 살 + 았다 = 살았다 = lived
• 놀다: 놀 + 았다 = 놀았다 = played (had fun)
• 먹다: 먹 + 었다 = 먹었다 = ate
• 죽다: 죽 + 었다 = 죽었다 = died
• 들다: 들 + 었다 = 들었다 = lifted up
• 밀다: 밀 + 었다 = 밀었다 = pushed
3. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel, and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ
and attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
• 달리다: → → 달리 달렸 달렸다 = ran
• 빌리다: 빌리 → → 빌렸 빌렸다 = borrowed
• 이기다: → → 이기 이겼 이겼다 = won
• 던지다: 던지 → 던졌 → 던졌다 = threw
• 니다: → → 니 녔 다녔다 = attended
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅗ as a vowel and no consonant, change ㅗ to ㅘ and
attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
• → 오다 왔다 = came
• → 보다 봤다 = saw/looked/watched
5. For verbs whose last character has ㅡ as a vowel, replace it with ㅓ and then attach ㅆ as
the final consonant.
E.g.
• 크다: → → 크 컸 컸다 = grew
• 쓰다: → → 쓰 썼 썼다 = wrote
• 트다: → → 트 텄 텄다 = sprouted
Irregular form
E.g.
• → 하다 했다
• → 듣 들었다
III) Plain → Present (Spoken)
1. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅓ and no final consonant, just drop 다
off.
E.g.
• → 가다 가 = go
• → 서다 서 = stand
• → 사다 사 = buy
• 자라다 → 자라 = grow
Exception: 하 changes to 해.
E.g.
• → 하다 해 = do
• 원하다 → 원해 = want
• → 구하다 구해 = save (a life)
2. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅗ or ㅜ and no final consonant:
• ㅗ changes to ㅘ
• ㅜ changes to ㅝ
E.g.
• → 오다 와 = come
• → 보다 봐 = see/watch/look
• → 두다 둬 = place (something) on, leave (something as it is)
• → 주다 줘 = give
• → 빌려주다 빌려줘 = lend
3. For verbs whose last character is 르, drop it off and then attach a final consonant, ㄹ, to the
character preceding 르, and then attach 라 or 러 to them.
• 라 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅗ.
• 러 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅓ, ㅜ or ㅣ.
E.g.
• → 가르다 갈라 = divide
• → 자르다 잘라 = cut
• → 오르다 올라 = climb
• → 거르다 걸러 = filter, sift
• → 서두르다 서둘러 = hurry
• → 구르다 굴러 = roll
• → 가로지르다 가로질러 = go cross
(Also, for verbs which have a last consonant of ㅡ, replace it with ㅓ.)
• → 쓰다 써 = write
• → 끄다 꺼 = extinguish (a fire)
• → 뜨다 떠 = float
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ.
E.g.
• → 지다 져 = lose
• → 이기다 이겨 = win
• → 던지다 던져 = throw
5. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, attach:
• 아 for characters whose vowel is ㅏ or ㅗ
• 어 for characters whose vowel is ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ or ㅣ.
E.g.
• → 살다 살아 = live
• → 팔다 팔아 = sell
• → 앉다 앉아 = sit
• → 놀다 놀아 = play (have fun)
• → 먹다 먹어 = eat
• → 물다 물어 = bite
• → 늙다 늙어 = age
• → 읽다 읽어 = read
Irregular form
• → 듣 들어 = listen/hear
IV) Past (Written) → Past (Spoken)
Simply change 다 to 어.
• → 갔다 갔어 = went
• → 왔다 왔어 = came
• → 달렸다 달렸어 = ran
• → 먹었다 먹었어 = ate
• → 마셨다 마셨어 = drank
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