Conjunctions
Conjunctions – And그리고 [and]
그리고 can only be used between sentences.
Yesterday = 어제
Book = 책
Banana = 바나나
read = 읽다
read[past] = 읽었다
sleep = 자다 slept = 잤다
Eg.
• 어제 책을 읽었다. 그리고 잤다. [Yesterday, read book. And slept.]
• 바나나는 맛있다. 그리고 달다. [Banana is delicious. And sweet.]
The two sentences are linked by 그리고 but they are still separate. To link two or more sentences
into one sentence, please refer to Verbs - Connective.
와/ 과 ['and' for nouns]
와/ 과 is used for nouns. Use 와 after nouns without a final consonant, and 과 for nouns with a final
consonant. 과/ 와 is only used to join nouns.
Eg.
• 바다와 산 = Sea and Mountain
• 너와 나 = You and I
• 밥과 빵 = rice and bread
• 책과 연필과 종이 = book, pencil and paper
Conjunctions - But, Although
그러나 [But]
그러나 can only be used between sentences.
Book = 책
Banana = 바나나
read = 읽다
want to read = 읽고 싶다
wanted to read = 읽고 싶었다 (Verbs - Want)
sleep = 자다 slept = 잤다
like = 좋다 (plain)
like = 좋아한다 (present) (Verbs - Present/Past)
Eg.
• 책을 읽고 싶었다. 그러나 잤다. [I wanted to read a book. But I slept.]
• 바나나는 맛있다. 그러나 나는 좋아하지 않는다. [Banana is delicious. But I don't like it]
The two sentences are linked by 그러나 but they are still separate.
~데/~ 지만 [But, Although]
To link two or more sentences into one sentence, ~ 데 or ~ 지만 are used.
● For verbs, add 데 to Verbs - Descriptive I
● For adjectives, add 데 to Adjectives - Descriptive
Eg.
• → 쓰는 쓰는데 = write but / although I write
• 글씨는 쓰는데, 읽을 수 없다 = I write words but I cannot read / Although I write, I cannot
read
•사는 → 사는데 = live but / although it lives
• 물에서는 사는데, 땅에서는 못 산다 = It lives in the water but it cannot live on the ground /
Although it lives in the water, it cannot live on the ground
•어려운 → 어려운데 = difficult but / although it's difficult
• 외국어는 배우기 어려운데 재미있다 = A foreign language is difficult to learn but it's
interesting / Although a foreign language is difficult to learn, it's interesting.
● For verbs and adjectives, add 지만 to a plain form without 다.
Eg.
• → 쓰다 쓰지만 = write but / although I write
• 글씨는 쓰지만, 읽을 수 없다 = I write words but I cannot read
• → 살다 살지만 = live but / although it lives
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• 물에서는 살지만, 땅에서는 못 산다 = It lives in the water but it cannot live on the ground
• → 어렵다 어렵지만 = difficult but / although it's difficult
• 외국어는 배우기 어렵지만 재미있다 = A foreign language is difficult to learn but it's
interesting.
Conjunctions - But [는데/데]
는데/ 데 is frequently used in casual spoken Korean. 는데/ 데 means "but"
For example,
• 그리스어는 할 줄 아는데 이태리어는 할 줄 몰라 = I know how to do(speak/write/read)
Greek but I don't know how to do(speak/write/read) Italian.
•밥은 먹는데, 반찬은 안 먹어. = I eat 밥 (cooked rice) but I don't eat side dishes.
•방은 넓은데, 화장실은 좁아 = The room is spacious but the bathroom is cramped(small).
Rules
1. Take 다 off a plain form of verbs and attach 는데 to it.
• → 하다 하는데 = do but
• → 가다 가는데 = go but
• → 오다 오는데 = come but
• → 먹다 먹는데 = eat but
• → 마시다 마시는데 = drink but
• → 사다 사는데 = buy but
• → 팔다 파는데 = sell but
• → 걷다 걷는데 = walk but
Note: Take a final consonant, ㄹ, off a plain form of verbs and then attach 는데.
•알다 → 아는데 (know)
• → 팔다 파는데 (sell)
2. Add 데 to Adjectives - Descriptive form of adjectives.
• → 크다 큰데 = big / large but
• → 작다 작은데 = small but
• → 가깝 가까운데 = close but (in distance)
• → 멀 먼데 = far but (in distance)
• → 많다 많은데 = a lot / many but
• → 적다 적은데 = few / little but
• → 뜨겁다 뜨거운데 = hot but (temperature)
• → 차갑 차가운데 = cold but (temperature)
Example sentences (spoken form)
• 오늘은 학교 가는데, 내일은 학교 안가요. = I go to school today but I don't go to school
tomorrow.
• 영화를 보러 갔는데, 보고 싶은 영화가 없었어 = I went to see a movie but there was no
movie that I wanted to watch.
• 예전에는 키가 작았는데, 지금은 키 커. = (I/He/She) was small (height) before but
(I/He/She) am/is tall now.
• 이 음식 보기에는 맛있어 보이는데, 먹어보니까 맛이 없어. = This meal looks delicious
but it's not delicious (at all) after I've tried it.
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Conjunctions - Because, So
Conjunctions - Because and So [~서]
~ 서 has many usages and "because and so" is one of them.
Rules
● Add 서 to a spoken form of the present tense of verbs or adjectives. (Adjectives -
Present/Past, Verbs – Present/Past)
• → 해 해서 = Because (I) do / (I) do and so
• → 가서 가서 = Because (you) go / (you) go and so
• → 떠나 떠나서 = Because (you) leave / (you) leave and so
• → 좋아 좋아서 = Because (I) like / (I) like and so
• → 먹어 먹어서 = Because (you) eat / (you) eat and so
• → 잡아 잡아서 = Because (I) catch / (I) catch and so
• → 빨라 빨라서 = Because (he's) fast / (he's) fast and so
• → 높아 높아서 = Because (it's) high / (it's) high and so
• → 작아 작아서 = Because (she's) small / (she's) small and so
• → 커 커서 = Because (it's) big / (it's) big and so
Example Sentences
• 농구를 해서 키가 크다
•= Because I play basketball, I'm tall.
•= I play basketball and so I'm tall.
• 한국에 가서 지금 미국에 없다
•= Because he's gone to Korea, now he's not in America.
•= He's gone to Korea and so he's not in America.
• 나무는 커서 좋다
•= Because a tree is big, I like it.
•= A tree is big and so I like it.
• 과학이 좋아서 대학에 갔다
•= Because I like science, I went to college.
•= I like science and so I went to college.
• 빌딩이 높아서 엘리베이터를 사용해야 한다
•= Because the building is high, we have to use an elevator.
•= The building is high and so we have to use an elevator.
농구 = basketball
한국 = Korea
미국 = America
나무 = tree
과학 = science
대학 = college/university
빌딩 = building
엘리베이터 = elevator
Conjunctions - So [그래서]
A sentence containing ~ 서 can be divided into two separate sentences and 그래서 is used to link
them.
Example sentences
• 농구를 한다. 그래서 키가 크다. = I play basketball. So I'm tall.
• 한국에 갔다. 그래서 지금 미국에 없다. = He's gone to Korea. So he's not in America.
• 나무는 크다. 그래서 좋다. = A tree is big. So I like it.
• 과학이 좋다. 그래서 대학에 갔다. = I like science. So I went to college.
• 빌딩이 높다. 그래서 엘리베이터를 사용해야 한다. = The building is high. So we have to
use an elevator.
Conjunctions - Because [때문에]
Conjunctions - Because [때문에; 왜냐하면, 때문이다]
때문에 is more frequently used in written Korean and ~ 서 is favoured in spoken Korean because of
its brevity.
Rules
Take 다 off a plain form and past tenses of verbs and adjectives and then attach 기 때문에.
(But NOT a present tense of verbs ie. → 한다 한기 때문에 is wrong! → 하다 하기 때문에 is
right!)
• → 하다 하기 때문에 = Because I do
• → 가다 가기 때문에 = Because I go
• → 사다 사기 때문에 = Because I buy
• → 보다 보기 때문에 = Because I see
• → 먹기 먹기 때문에 = Because I eat
• → 좋아하다 좋아하기 때문에 = Because I like
• → 했다 했기 때문에 = Because I did
• → 갔다 갔기 때문에 = Because I went
• → 먹었다 먹었기 때문에 = Because I ate
• → 크다 크기 때문에 = Because it's big
• → 작다 작기 때문에 = Because it's small
• → 덥다 덥기 때문에 = Because it's hot
• → 춥다 춥기 때문에 = Because it's cold
• → 많다 많기 때문에 = Because there is a lot
• → 길다 길기 때문에 = Because it's long
• → 맛있다 맛있기 때문에 = Because it's delicious
• → 높았다 높았기 때문에 = Because it was high
• → 예뻤 예뻤기 때문에 = Because it was pretty
• → 빨랐 빨랐기 때문에 = Because it was fast
• → 강했다 강했기 때문에 = Because it was strong
Example sentences
- Compare and contrast 때문에 and ~서.
• 중국음식을 좋아하기 때문에 중국음식을 먹었다. = Because I like Chinese food, I ate
Chinese food. (Written Korean)
• 중국음식 좋아하기 때문에 중국음식 먹었어요. = Because I like Chinese food, I ate
Chinese food. (Spoken Korean)
• 중국음식 좋아해서 중국음식 먹었어요 = Because I like Chinese food, I ate Chinese
food. (Spoken Korean) Conjunctions - Because, So
• 아침 일찍 학교를 가기 때문에 일찍 일어났다. = Because I go to school early in the
morning, I got up early.
• 아침 일찍 학교 가서 일찍 일어났어요 = Because I go to school early in the morning, I got
up early.
• 겨울에는 춥기 때문에 사람들은 따뜻한 옷을 입는다. = Because the winter is cold, people
wear warm clothes.
• 겨울엔 추워서 사람들은 따뜻한 옷을 입어요 = Because the winter is cold, people wear
warm clothes.
• 인터넷에는 잘못된 정보가 많기 때문에 무엇을 읽는지 조심해야 한다. = Because on the
internet, there is a lot of false information, we should be careful about what we read.
• 인터넷엔 잘못된 정보가 많아서 뭘 읽는지 조심해야 되요. = Because on the internet,
there is a lot of false information, we should be careful about what we read
Note: The object particle, 를/을, is omitted and some words are abbreviated in the spoken form. For
example,
• → 에는 엔
• → → 무엇을 무얼 뭘
Although it is less commonly used, a sentence containing two clauses can be divided into two
sentences using 왜냐하면 and 때문이다. 왜냐하면 is attached to the front of a second clause and 때
문이다 replaces 때문에.
• 중국음식을 먹었다. 왜냐하면 중국음식을 좋아하기 때문이다. = I ate Chinese food
because I like Chinese food.
• 중국음식 먹었어요. (왜냐면) 중국음식 좋아해서요. = I ate Chinese food because I like
Chinese food.
• 일찍 일어났다. 왜냐하면 아침 일찍 학교를 가기 때문이다. = I got up early because I go
to school early in the morning.
• 일찍 일어났어요. (왜냐면) 아침 일찍 학교 가서요. = I got up early because I go to school
early in the morning.
Note:
왜냐하면 is abbreviated to 왜냐면 or it is altogether omitted in spoken Korean.
때문에 is mainly used in literature and the news reporters use it often. However, people still use 때
문에 occasionally in conversations instead of ~서, especially when one wants to explain and reason.
Conjunctions - If/Once [~면/으면]
~면/ 으면 is used after a verb and the clause containing ~ 면 must always come first and its meaning
is "if/once I do such and such."
Rules
1. Take 다 off a plain verb and add 면 to it.
• → 하다 하면 = If/Once (I) do
• → 가다 가면 = If/Once (you) go
• → 던지다 던지면 = If/Once (you) throw
2. Take 다 off a verb with a final consonant and add 으면 to it.
• → 좋다 좋으면 = If/Once (I) like
• → 먹다 먹으면 = If/Once (you) eat
• → 잡다 잡으면 = If/Once (I) catch
Eg.
• 학교에 가면 공부 할 수 있다 = If/Once I go to school, I can study.
• 의대에 가면 의사가 될 수 있다 = If/Once you go to med school, you can become a doctor.
• 책을 가져오면 읽어 줄께 = If/Once you bring (me) a book, I will read (it) to you.
학교 = school
할 수 있다 = can do
의대 = med school
의사 = doctor
될 수 있다 = can become
책 = book
가져오다 = bring
읽다 = read
Conjunctions - If/Once [~거든]
거든 is a a conjunction meaning 'if / once.'
거든 and 면 both mean 'if / once' but 면 is used more often in spoken Korean.
거든 is used in the middle of sentence, for example,
• 진수가 오거든, 이 책을 줘 = If/once Jinsu comes here, please give this book (to him)
But if 거든 is used at the end of a sentence, it means 'because.'
• Please read, Because I'm - ~ 거든 , to learn how 거든 is used in this sense.
Take 다 off verbs / adjectives and add 거든.
• → 하다 하거든 = If you do
• 가다 → 가거든 = If you go
• 오거든 = If you come
• 많거든 = If (there are) many
• 있거든 = If there is/are
• 없거든 = If there is/are not
Example sentences
• 마트에 사과가 있거든 사와 주세요 = If there are apples in the supermarket, please buy and
bring (them).
• 경기가 시작하거든 저한테 알려 주세요 = If/once the game starts, please let me know.
• 집에 도착 하거든 연락해! = Once you arrive home, please call/contact me!
• 정원에 꽃들이 많이 자라거든 저 불러 주세요. 보고 싶거든요. = Once the flowers in the
garden grow a lot, please call me. (Because) I want to see (them).
Please note 거든요 used at the end of sentence mean "because." Please refer to Because I'm - ~ 거든
요.
Conjunctions – When
Conjunctions - When [~ 을 때]
● Rules
First, take 다 off a plain form of verbs(Verbs - Present/Past) then:
1. Add ~ 을 때 to verbs with a final consonant
• → 먹다 먹을 때 = when I eat
• → 앉다 앉을 때 = when I sit
• → 믿다 믿을 때 = when I believe
• → 죽다 죽을 때 = when I die
2. Add ~ ㄹ 때 to verbs without a final consonant.
• → 가다 갈 때 = when I go
• → 오다 올 때 = when I come
• → 자다 잘 때 = when I sleep
• → 사다 살 때 = when I buy
3. Add ~ 때 to verbs with ㄹ as a final consonant
• → 팔다 팔 때 = when I sell
• → 살다 살 때 = when I live
• → 놀다 놀 때 = when I play (muck around)
Eg.
• 저녁 먹을 때 비가 왔다. = When we were eating dinner, the rain came.
• 의자에 앉을 때 조심하세요. = When you sit on the chair, be careful.
• 병사는 죽을 때 한 마디를 남겼다. = When the soldier was dying, he left a message.
• 학교 갈 때 차로 간다. = When I go to school, I go by car.
• 집에 올 때 친 집 에 들린다. = When I come home, I visit my friend's house.
• 우리는 잘 때 꿈을 꾼다. = When we sleep, we dream.
• 사람들은 먹을 것을 살 때 슈퍼마켓으로 간다= When people buy food, they go to a
supermarket.
● Take 다 off and add ~ 을 때 to the past tense of verbs
• → 먹었다 먹었을 때 = when I ate
• → 앉았다 앉았을 때 = when I sat
• → 믿었다 믿었을 때 = when I believed
• → 죽었다 죽었을 때 = when I died
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• → 팔았다 팔았을 때 = when I sold
• → 살았다 살았을 때 = when I lived
• → 놀았다 놀았을 때 = when I played (mucked around)
Eg.
• 시카고에 살았을 때 영어를 배웠다. = When I lived in Chicago, I learned English.
• 밖에서 놀았을 때, 날씨가 좋았다 = When we played outside, the weather was good.
Note:
•저녁 먹을 때 비가 왔다. = When we were eating dinner, the rain came.
•저녁 먹었을 때 비가 왔다. = When we were eating dinner, the rain came.
Both 먹을 때 or 먹었을 때 can be used and they mean the same thing. This is because the final
verb, 왔다, determines the tense of a sentence. The former is a more casual form than the latter.
Conjunctions – While
Conjunctions - While [~며/~(으)면서]
~ 며 form is more frequently used in written Korean while ~ 면서 is more frequently used in spoken
Korean.
Rules
1. Take 다 off a plain form of verbs with no final consonant and add 며/ 면서 to it.
• → 하다 하며/ 하면서 = while doing
• → 가다 가며/ 가면서 = while going
• → 주다 주며/ 주면서 = while giving
• → 사다 사며/ 사면서 = while buying
• → 보다 보며/ 보면서 = while watching
• → 말하다 말하며/ 말하면서 = while speaking
• → 마시다 마시며/ 마시면서 = while drinking
• → 자다 자며/ 자면서 = while sleeping
2. Take 다 off a plain form of verbs with a final consonant and add 으며/ 으면서 to it.
• → 먹다 먹으며/ 먹으면서 = while eating
• → 받다 받으며/ 받으면서 = while receiving
• → 찾다 찾으며/ 찾으면서 = while looking for
• → 읽다 읽으며/ 읽으면서 = while reading
Exceptions
• → 걷 걸으며/ 걸으면서 = while walking
• → 듣 들으며/ 들으면서 = while listening
Example sentences
Written Korean
• 나는 운동을 하며/ 하면서 매트릭스를 봤다. = While doing exercise, I watched Matrix.
• 나는 노래를 들으며/ 들으면서 지리 공부를 했다. = While listening to music, I studied
geography.
• 호머는 자며/ 자면서 코를 골았다. = While sleeping, Homer snored.
• 민지는 스타벅스에서 잡지를 읽으며/ 읽으면서 커피를 마셨다. = At Starbucks, while
reading a magazine, Minji drank coffee.
• 준호는 차를 타고 회사를 가며/ 가면서 라디오를 들었다. = While going to work by car,
Junho listened to radio.
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