Verbs - Descriptive Form I&II

Verbs - Descriptive Form I&II

The descriptive form I of verbs takes the meaning of "~ing." (ie. Continuous), or is used as a
present tense clause involving "which, that, who etc.".
Written
Form
Plain Descriptive I
Positive 달리다 달리는
Negative   달리지 않다   달리지 않는
The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms I
Written Form Plain Descriptive I
Run 달리다 달리는
Eat 먹다 먹는
Go 가다 가는
Stand 서다 서는
Come 오다 오는
Sit 앉다 앉는
Buy 사다 사는
Sell 팔다 파는
Grow 자라다 자라는
Throw 던지다 던지는
Borrow 빌리다 빌리는
Lend 빌려주다 빌려주는
Play 놀다 노는
Write 쓰다 쓰는
Read 읽다 읽는
Listen to 듣다 듣는
Live 살다 사는
Die 죽다 죽는
These descriptive forms I are used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a present tense
clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form I of    가다 is    가는
and    가는 기차 means a "train which goes". Literally,    가는 means "going" therefore    가는 기차 = a
going train.

● Rules
First, take    다 off a verb and then,
1. add 는
Eg.
• →   먹다 먹는 = eating
•   →  사과 먹는 난쟁이 a dwarf who eats an apple (= Lit. an apple-eating dwarf)
• →   잠자다 잠자는 = sleeping
•  →  잠자는 공주 a princess who sleeps (= Lit. A sleeping princess)
• →   죽다 죽는 = dying
•  →  죽는 병사 a soldier who is dying (= Lit. a dying soldier)
• →    믿다 믿지 않는 = not believing/unbelieving
•   →  믿지 않는 토마스 Thomas who does not believe (= Lit. unbelieving Thomas)
2. Take    ㄹ off a verb with a final consonant,    ㄹ and add 는.
Eg.
• →   팔다 파는 = selling
•   →  골동품 파는 가게 A shop which sells antiques (= Lit. An antique-selling shop)
• →  살 사는
•  →  사는 곳 A place where I'm living (= Lit. A living place)
More examples
•    사막에서 자라는 선인장 = A cactus which grows in the desert (= Lit. A desert-growing
cactus)
•     내가 읽는 책은  유익하다. = All the books that I read are informative.

Verbs - Descriptive Form II
The descriptive form II of verbs takes the meaning of "~ed." (ie. past tense) or is used as a past
tense clause involving "who, which, that etc.".
Written
Form
Plain Descriptive II
Positive 달리다 달린
Negative   달리지 않다   달리지 않은
The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms II
Written Form Plain Descriptive II
Run 달리다 달린
Eat 먹다 먹은
Go 가다 간
Stand 서다 선
Come 오다 온
Sit 앉다 앉은
Buy 사다 산
Sell 팔다 판
Grow 자라다 자란
Throw 던지다 던진
Borrow 빌리다 빌린
Lend 빌려주다 빌려준
Play 놀다 논
Write 쓰다 쓴
Read 읽다 읽은
Listen to 듣다 들은
Live 살다 산
Die 죽다 죽은
Verbs can be used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a past tense clause involving "who,
which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form II of    떠나다 is    떠난 and    떠난 기차
means a "train which left". Literally,    떠난 means "left" therefore    떠난 기차 = a left train

● Rules
First, take    다 off a verb and then,
1. For verbs with a final consonant, add 은
Eg.
• →   먹다 먹은 = ate
•   →  사과 먹은 난쟁이 a dwarf who ate an apple
• →   죽다 죽은 = died/dead
•  →  죽은 병사 a dead soldier (= a soldier who died)
• →    믿다 믿지 않은 = disbelieved
•   →  믿지 않은 토마스 Thomas who disbelieved
• →   읽다 읽은 = read (past tense)
•  →  읽은 기사 an article that I read
2. For verbs without a final consonant and verbs with    ㄹ as a final consonant, replace it with
ㄴ as a final consonant.
Eg.
• →   빌리다 빌린 = borrowed
•  →  빌린 책 a book which I borrowed (Lit. a borrowed book)
• →  쓰다 쓴 = wrote
•    성루까가 쓴 복음 = the gospel which St. Luke wrote
• →   멈추다 멈춘 = stopped
•    버스가 멈춘 곳 = a place where the bus stopped
Sentences: Negatives
• →    기다리다 기다리지 않은 = didn't wait
•    →  주님을 기다리지 않은 하인 a servant who didn't wait for the Lord
• →   먹다 먹지않은 = didn't eat
•     음식을 먹지 않은 개 = a dog who didn't eat food
• →    포기하다 포기하지 않은 = didn't give up
•     끝까지 포기하지 않은 욥 = Job who didn't give up till the end